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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *flōkaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_flōkaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_chu_plakati" xml:lang="chu" type="cognate">
          <orth>плакати</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>plakati</orth>
          </form>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_plazo" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>πλάζω</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>plázō</orth>
          </form>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_flokana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/flōkaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>flōkaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɸlɔː.kɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚠᛚᛟᚲᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 7e</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to beat, strike</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>to lament</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European *pleh₂g-, *pleh₂k- (‘to beat, strike’). Kroonen suggests there is no need to reconstruct *ploh₂g-, in which case the 'k' was restored to *flōk- by analogy with the iterative derived from it. Cognate with Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_plazo"><ref target="#cog_grc_plazo">πλάζω</ref></mentioned> (plázō), πλήσσω (plḗssō), Latin plango, Old Church Slavonic <mentioned xml:lang="chu" target="#cog_chu_plakati"><ref target="#cog_chu_plakati">плакати</ref></mentioned> (plakati).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>flōkō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>flōkaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>flōkai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>flōkizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>flōkaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>flōk</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>flōkazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>flōkaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>flōkidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>flōkai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>flōkadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>flōkadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>flōkaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>flōkōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>flōkaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>flōkadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>flōkaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>flōkadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>flōkamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>flōkaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>flōkandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>flōkaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>flōkid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>flōkaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>flōkid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>flōkandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>flōkaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>flōkandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>flōkain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>flōkandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>flōkandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>flōkaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>feflōk</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>feflōkį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>feflōht</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>feflōkīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>feflōk</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>feflōkī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>feflōkū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>feflōkīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>feflōkudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>feflōkīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>feflōkum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>feflōkīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>feflōkud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>feflōkīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>feflōkun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>feflōkīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>flōkandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>flōkanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>flōkaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*flōkan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>flōcan</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*flōkan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*fluokan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>vloeken</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>vloeken</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>vloek</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*flōkan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>flōka</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>flokke, floke</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*flōkan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>fluohhan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>vluochen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>fluchen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>fluchen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Vilamovian</lang>
                        <orth>fłücha</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*flōkan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>flōkan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>vlôken</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>floken, flöken</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐍆𐌻𐍉𐌺𐌰𐌽 (flōkan)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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