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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *fneusaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_fneusaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_fneusana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/fneusaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>fneusaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɸneu̯.sɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚠᚾᛖᚢᛊᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 2</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to sneeze</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European *pnew-, but presumably interpreted as onomatopoeic judging from the variety in the initial consonants.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>fneusō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>fneusaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>fneusai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>fniusizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>fneusaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>fneus</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>fneusazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>fneusaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>fniusidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>fneusai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>fneusadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>fneusadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>fneusaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>fneusōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>fneusaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>fneusadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>fneusaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>fneusadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>fneusamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>fneusaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>fneusandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>fneusaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>fniusid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>fneusaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>fniusid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>fneusandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>fneusaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>fneusandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>fneusain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>fneusandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>fneusandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>fneusaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>fnaus</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>fnuzį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>fnaust</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>fnuzīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>fnaus</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>fnuzī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>fnuzū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>fnuzīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>fnuzudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>fnuzīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>fnuzum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>fnuzīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>fnuzud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>fnuzīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>fnuzun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>fnuzīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>fneusandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>fnuzanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>fneusaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*fneusan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*fniesan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>fniesen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>fniezen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*fneusan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>fnēosan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>snesen, fnesen, fnese, sniesen, snese</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>sneeze</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>sneeze, sneesh</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*fneusan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>*fniosan, *fnūsan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>phnūsen, pfnūsen, *snūsen, phūsen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>pfnausen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                        <orth>snūsen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*fnjósa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>fnyse</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>fnýsa</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>fnýsa</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>fnysa</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>fnysa</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>fnýsa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>fnyse</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>fnýsa</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>fnýsa</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>fnysa</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>fnysa</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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