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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *freusaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_freusaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_prews" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*prews-</orth>
          <def>to freeze; frost</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_pruina" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>pruīna</orth>
          <def>hoarfrost, frost</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_freusana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/freusaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>freusaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɸreu̯.sɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚠᚱᛖᚢᛊᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 2</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to freeze</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_prews"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_prews">*prews-</ref></mentioned> (‘to freeze; frost’). Cognate with Latin <mentioned xml:lang="lat" target="#cog_lat_pruina"><ref target="#cog_lat_pruina">pruīna</ref></mentioned> (‘hoarfrost, frost’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>freusō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>freusaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>freusai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>friusizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>freusaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>freus</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>freusazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>freusaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>friusidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>freusai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>freusadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>freusadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>freusaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>freusōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>freusaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>freusadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>freusaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>freusadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>freusamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>freusaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>freusandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>freusaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>friusid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>freusaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>friusid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>freusandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>freusaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>freusandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>freusain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>freusandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>freusandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>freusaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>fraus</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>fruzį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>fraust</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>fruzīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>fraus</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>fruzī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>fruzū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>fruzīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>fruzudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>fruzīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>fruzum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>fruzīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>fruzud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>fruzīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>fruzun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>fruzīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>freusandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>fruzanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>freusaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*freusan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*friesan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>vriesen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>vrere, vreze</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*freusan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*friesan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>vriesen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>vriezen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>vries</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Papiamentu</lang>
                          <orth>fris</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*freusan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>frēosan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>fresen, freese, frese, freosen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>frese</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*freusan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>frēosan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>fresen, freese, frese, freosen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>freeze</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Maltese</lang>
                          <orth>ffriża</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*freusan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*friāsa</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>?</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>frjoze</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>frieze</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*freusan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>friosan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>vriesen, vrieren</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Bavarian</lang>
                        <orth>frian</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Central Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>freese, früüse, friere</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>frieren</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>פֿרירן (frirn)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*freusan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>friosan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>vrêsen, vreisen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>fresen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>freern, freren, fresen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>frjósa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                    <orth>friuosa</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>frosin</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>frausa, frause</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>frjósa</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Jamtish</lang>
                    <orth>frýse</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>frjósa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>frȳsæ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scanian</lang>
                      <orth>frýsa</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>frjósa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>frȳsæ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>fryse</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>fryse</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>frjósa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>frȳsa</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>frysa, fryse</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
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