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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *fruskaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_fruskaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_fruskaz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/fruskaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>fruskaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɸrus.kɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚠᚱᚢᛊᚲᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>frog</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From pre-Proto-Germanic *prugʰskos, from Proto-Indo-European *prugʰ-ḱó-s, from *prewgʰ- (‘to leap’) + *-ḱós (animal suffix), possibly extended from *prew- (‘to jump’). Cognate with Proto-West Germanic *froggō (‘frog’), Old Norse frauðr (‘frog’); see *froggō for more.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>fruskaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>fruskōz, fruskōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>fruską</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>fruskanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>fruskas, fruskis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>fruskǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>fruskai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>fruskamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>fruskō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>fruskamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>frusk</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>fruskōz, fruskōs</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*frosk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*frosk, *forsk</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>vorsch</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>vors</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>vrósj</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*frosk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>frosc, frox, forsc</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>frosk, frosch</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>frosk, frosh</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*frosk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*frosk</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>froask</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*frosk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>frosk, frosc</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>vrosch</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Bavarian</lang>
                        <orth>Frosch, Fruasch</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Central Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>Frösch, Fräsch</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Frosch</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Rhine Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>Frosch, Fresch</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*frosk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*frosk, *forsk</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>vorsch</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Fuorsk, Frötske</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>froskr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>froskur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>froskur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>frosk</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>froskr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle English</lang>
                    <orth>frosk</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>English</lang>
                      <orth>frosk</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Latin</lang>
                  <orth>*brosca</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Balkan Romance</lang>
                    <orth>?</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Albanian</lang>
                      <orth>breshkë</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Aromanian</lang>
                      <orth>broascã</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Romanian</lang>
                      <orth>broască</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Latin</lang>
                  <orth>*brosca</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Gallo-Italic</lang>
                    <orth>?</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Lombard</lang>
                      <orth>brosco</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
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