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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *frustāną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_frustāną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_frustana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/frustāną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>frustāną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɸrus.tɑː.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚠᚱᚢᛊᛏᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Weak class 3</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to become frosty, to freeze</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From *frustaz (‘frost’) + *-āną.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>frustō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>frustaisi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>frustai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>frustāsai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>frustaiþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>frustāþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>frustāþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>frustōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>frustāþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>frustāþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>frustāmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>frustānþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>frustaiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>frustaiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>frustānþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>frustānþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>frustānþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>frustānþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>frustadǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>frustadēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>frustadēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>frustadēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>frustadē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>frustadēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>frustadēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>frustadēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>frustadēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>frustadēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>frustadēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>frustadēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>frustadēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>frustadēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>frustadēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>frustadēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>frustāndz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>frustadaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>frustāną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*frostēn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>frostia</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*frostēn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*froston</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>vorsten</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>vorsten</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*frostēn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>*frostēn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old High German</lang>
                      <orth>irfrostēn</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*frostēn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>*frostēn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>vrosten</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>frosten</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>frosta</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>frosta</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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