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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *fuglaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_fuglaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_extended_root_plewk" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*plewk-</orth>
          <def>to fly, flow, run; to splash, flap with hands</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lit_paukstis" xml:lang="lit" type="cognate">
          <orth>paũkštis</orth>
          <def>bird</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_fuglaz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/fuglaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>fuglaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɸuɣ.lɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚠᚢᚷᛚᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>bird</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Likely dissimilated from earlier *fluglaz, from pre-Proto-Germanic *pluk-ló-s, from *pleuketi (‘to fly’) (whence Proto-Germanic *fleuganą) + *-lós (agent noun suffix), from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_extended_root_plewk"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_extended_root_plewk">*plewk-</ref></mentioned> (‘to fly’). Parallel construction with *flugilaz (‘wing’), from *fleuganą + *-ilaz. Alternatively cognate with Lithuanian <mentioned xml:lang="lit" target="#cog_lit_paukstis"><ref target="#cog_lit_paukstis">paũkštis</ref></mentioned> (‘bird’), itself perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *powk-sti-s, from presumed root *pewk-.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>fuglaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>fuglōz, fuglōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>fuglą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>fuglanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>fuglas, fuglis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>fuglǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>fuglai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>fuglamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>fuglō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>fuglamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>fugl</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>fuglōz, fuglōs</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*fugl</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>fogal, vogal</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>vōgel</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>vogel, voeagel</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>West Flemish</lang>
                        <orth>veugel</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Zealandic</lang>
                        <orth>veugel</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*fugl</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>fogal, vogal</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>vōgel</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>vogel, veugel</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Jersey Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>fœüxel</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Negerhollands</lang>
                          <orth>vogel</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Skepi Creole Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>fogul</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*fugl</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>fogal, vogal</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>vōgel</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>vogel, veugel</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>voël</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>English</lang>
                            <orth>voël</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*fugl</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>fogal, vogal</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>vōgel</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>vogel, veugel</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Sranan Tongo</lang>
                          <orth>fowru, vol, vool</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Saramaccan</lang>
                            <orth>fóu</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*fugl</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>fugol, fugel, fugul, *flugol</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>foul, fouel, fowel, fowele, fowl, foȝel, fuȝel, fuhel, voȝel, feul, fewl, fewle, ffewyll, foghel, foughel, foyhel</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>fowl</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yola</lang>
                        <orth>fowlès</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*fugl</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>fugol, fugel, fugul, *flugol</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>foul, fouel, fowel, fowele, fowl, foȝel, fuȝel, fuhel, voȝel, feul, fewl, fewle, ffewyll, foghel, foughel, foyhel</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle Scots</lang>
                        <orth>foul, fowle</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Scots</lang>
                          <orth>fowl</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*fugl</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>fugel</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Fúgel, Fuugel</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>fûgel</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*fugl</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>fugel</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>?</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Föhr-Amrum</lang>
                        <orth>fögel, Goesharde and Mooring: föögel</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Hallig</lang>
                        <orth>fugel</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*fugl</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>fogal, fugal</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>vogel</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Alemannic German</lang>
                        <orth>Fogel, Vogel</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Central Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>Vuggel, Vugel, Vuul</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Cimbrian</lang>
                        <orth>vóoghel, bóoghel, vogl</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Vogel</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>Vugel, Vull</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Rhine Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>?</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Vilamovian</lang>
                        <orth>föguł</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>פֿויגל (foygl)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*fugl</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>fugal</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>vōgel</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Vogel, Vögel</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Vagel, Vögel</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                        <orth>Voagel</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>fogl</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                    <orth>fugel</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>fuglur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>fäugel</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>fugl</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Jamtish</lang>
                    <orth>fugł</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norn</lang>
                    <orth>fugl, ful</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>fugl, fogl, føgl, faugl</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>fogl</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>fughl</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scanian</lang>
                      <orth>fuğl</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>fogl</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>fughl</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>fugl</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>fugl</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>fogl</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>fughl, foghl, ᚠᚢᚵᚼᛚ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>fågel, fogel</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Finnish</lang>
                        <orth>fogeli</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>fugl</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                    <orth>fugel</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>fuglur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>fäugel</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>fugl</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Jamtish</lang>
                    <orth>fugł</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norn</lang>
                    <orth>fugl, ful</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>fugl, fogl, føgl, faugl</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>fugl</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>fughl</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scanian</lang>
                      <orth>fuğl</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>fugl</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>fughl</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>fugl</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>fugl</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>fugl</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>fughl, foghl, ᚠᚢᚵᚼᛚ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>fågel, fogel</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Finnish</lang>
                        <orth>fogeli</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐍆𐌿𐌲𐌻𐍃 (fugls)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
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