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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *fuldō</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_fuldō</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ave_p_r_thbi" xml:lang="ave" type="cognate">
          <orth>𐬞𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬚𐬡𐬍</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>pərəθβī</orth>
          </form>
          <def>broad, flat</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_pleth2" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*pleth₂-</orth>
          <def>flat</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_san_prthivi" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>पृथिवी</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>pṛthivī</orth>
          </form>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_fuldo" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/fuldō">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>fuldō</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɸul.dɔː</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚠᚢᛚᛞᛟ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">feminine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">ō-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>earth, ground</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>field</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="3">
            <def>the world</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Pre-Germanic *pl̥th₂éh₂, feminine form of the adjective "flat", from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_pleth2"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_pleth2">*pleth₂-</ref></mentioned> (‘flat’). In view of the Indo-Iranian cognates (Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="san" target="#cog_san_prthivi"><ref target="#cog_san_prthivi">पृथिवी</ref></mentioned> (pṛthivī), Avestan <mentioned xml:lang="ave" target="#cog_ave_p_r_thbi"><ref target="#cog_ave_p_r_thbi">𐬞𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬚𐬡𐬍</ref></mentioned> (pər^əθβī)), Kroonen suggests it was used with the word for "land" in a sacral context.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>fuldō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>fuldôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>fuldǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>fuldōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>fuldōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>fuldǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>fuldōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>fuldōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>fuldō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>fuldōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>fuldō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>fuldôz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old English</lang>
                  <orth>foldu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle English</lang>
                    <orth>folde, fold</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>English</lang>
                      <orth>fold</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scots</lang>
                      <orth>fold</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old English</lang>
                  <orth>folde</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle English</lang>
                    <orth>folde, fold</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>English</lang>
                      <orth>fold</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scots</lang>
                      <orth>fold</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                  <orth>folda</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                    <orth>velt</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old High German</lang>
                  <orth>*fulta</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <orth>(in placenames: Fuldaha</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>fold</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>fold</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>fold</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>fold, foll</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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