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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *fulgāną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_fulgāną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_fulgana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/fulgāną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>fulgāną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɸul.ɣɑː.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚠᚢᛚᚷᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Weak class 3</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to follow</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Uncertain. Possibly originated as a compound of the roots of *fullaz (‘full’) and *gāną (‘to go’), with a sense of "full-going". This could have shifted to a meaning of "to serve, go with as an attendant" (compare also fulfill).</seg>
            <seg type="p">Alternatively, may be derived from a Proto-Indo-European *pelḱ-, *polḱ- (‘to turn, twist, wind’), which itself might have merged with another verb to form Proto-Germanic *felhaną (“to conceal”, but also “to go, proceed”).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>fulgō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>fulgaisi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>fulgai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>fulgāsai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>fulgaiþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>fulgāþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>fulgāþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>fulgōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>fulgāþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>fulgāþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>fulgāmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>fulgānþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>fulgaiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>fulgaiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>fulgānþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>fulgānþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>fulgānþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>fulgānþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>fulgadǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>fulgadēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>fulgadēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>fulgadēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>fulgadē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>fulgadēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>fulgadēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>fulgadēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>fulgadēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>fulgadēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>fulgadēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>fulgadēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>fulgadēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>fulgadēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>fulgadēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>fulgadēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>fulgāndz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>fulgadaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>fulgāną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*folgēn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>folgon</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>volgen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>vólge</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*folgēn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>folgon</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>volgen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>volgen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>volg</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Negerhollands</lang>
                          <orth>volg, folok, folk</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Saramaccan</lang>
                          <orth>flakka, faáka</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*folgēn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>folgian</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>folwen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>follow</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*folgēn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>folgian</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>folwen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle Scots</lang>
                        <orth>folȝe, folow, falow</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Scots</lang>
                          <orth>follae</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*folgēn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>folgia, fulgia, folia</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>foulgje</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>folgje</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*folgēn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>folgēn, folkēn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>volgen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Alemannic German</lang>
                        <orth>folge</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Bavarian</lang>
                        <orth>foign</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>folgen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>follegen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>פֿאָלגן (folgn)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*folgēn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>folgon, fulgon</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>volgen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>folgen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>fulger</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>folger</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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