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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *fulką</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_fulką</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_chu_pluku" xml:lang="chu" type="cognate">
          <orth>плъкъ</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>plŭkŭ</orth>
          </form>
          <def>army division</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_cym_ol" xml:lang="cym" type="cognate">
          <orth>ôl</orth>
          <def>track, trace</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_h2el" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*h₂el-</orth>
          <def>all</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_plebs" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>plebs</orth>
          <def>common people</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lit_pulkas" xml:lang="lit" type="cognate">
          <orth>pulkas</orth>
          <def>crowd</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_fulka" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/fulką">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>fulką</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɸul.kɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚠᚢᛚᚲᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">neuter</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>troop, army</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From *fulkaz (‘crowd, army’), of uncertain origin. May ultimately be from Proto-Indo-European *pl̥h₁-gós, from *pleh₁- (‘to fill’). Compare Latin <mentioned xml:lang="lat" target="#cog_lat_plebs"><ref target="#cog_lat_plebs">plebs</ref></mentioned> (‘common people’).</seg>
            <seg type="p">Old Church Slavonic <mentioned xml:lang="chu" target="#cog_chu_pluku"><ref target="#cog_chu_pluku">плъкъ</ref></mentioned> (plŭkŭ, ‘army division’) and Lithuanian <mentioned xml:lang="lit" target="#cog_lit_pulkas"><ref target="#cog_lit_pulkas">pulkas</ref></mentioned> (‘crowd’) show f &gt; p substitution, which simply could be a result of the word being borrowed before that sound became standard phonemes in the languages thanks to loanwords. Some also speculate the possibility of the word being borrowed before Grimm's law even started.</seg>
            <seg type="p">Orel's connection with Welsh <mentioned xml:lang="cym" target="#cog_cym_ol"><ref target="#cog_cym_ol">ôl</ref></mentioned> (‘track, trace’) is unlikely, considering the latter's likely origin from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h2el"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h2el">*h₂el-</ref></mentioned> (‘alien, other’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>fulką</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>fulkō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>fulką</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>fulkō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>fulkas, fulkis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>fulkǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>fulkai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>fulkamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>fulkō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>fulkamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>fulką</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>fulkō</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*folk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Early Medieval Latin</lang>
                    <orth>fulcus</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Asturian</lang>
                      <orth>fuelga</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Catalan</lang>
                      <orth>folc</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Galician</lang>
                      <orth>foula</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Italian</lang>
                      <orth>folla</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old French</lang>
                      <orth>foulc</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*folk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>folc</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>volc</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>vouk</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*folk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>folc</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>volc</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>volk, vouk</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>volk</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Negerhollands</lang>
                          <orth>volk, folok, folk, fulok, fuluk, folluk</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Sranan Tongo</lang>
                          <orth>folku</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*folk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>folc</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>folk, folc, folck, follc, volc, foolk, folke, fok, foke, volk</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>folk, folkes</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>fowk</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*folk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>folk</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>följk</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Foulk</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>folk</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*folk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>folk, folc, folch</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>volk</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Cimbrian</lang>
                        <orth>vòlk, bòlk</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Volk</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Hunsrik</lang>
                        <orth>Follek</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>Vollek</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Vilamovian</lang>
                        <orth>fulk</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>פֿאָלק (folk)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*folk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>folk, folc</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>volk</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                        <orth>Volkj</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*folk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>folk, folc</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>volk</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Volk</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>German Low German</lang>
                          <orth>Volk</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*ᚠᛟᛚᚲᚨ (*folka)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Proto-Samic</lang>
                    <orth>*fuolkkē</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*ᚠᛟᛚᚲᚨ (*folka)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>folk, fólk</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                      <orth>fuok</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Faroese</lang>
                      <orth>fólk</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                      <orth>fólk</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Jamtish</lang>
                      <orth>fołk</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norn</lang>
                      <orth>folekar</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                      <orth>folk, fólk, fókk, følk, fælk</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*ᚠᛟᛚᚲᚨ (*folka)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>folk, fólk</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                      <orth>folk</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scanian</lang>
                        <orth>fólk</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*ᚠᛟᛚᚲᚨ (*folka)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>folk, fólk</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                      <orth>folk</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Danish</lang>
                        <orth>folk</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                          <orth>folk</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*ᚠᛟᛚᚲᚨ (*folka)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>folk, fólk</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Gutnish</lang>
                      <orth>fulk</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                        <orth>fålk</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*ᚠᛟᛚᚲᚨ (*folka)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>folk, fólk</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>folk, fulk</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Swedish</lang>
                        <orth>folk</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>*𐍆𐌿𐌻𐌺 (*fulk)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Proto-Slavic</lang>
                    <orth>*pъlkъ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>East Slavic</lang>
                      <orth>?</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Old East Slavic</lang>
                        <orth>пълкъ (pŭlkŭ), пълъкъ (pŭlŭkŭ)</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Russian</lang>
                          <orth>полк (polk)</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>*𐍆𐌿𐌻𐌺 (*fulk)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Proto-Slavic</lang>
                    <orth>*pъlkъ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>East Slavic</lang>
                      <orth>?</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Old East Slavic</lang>
                        <orth>пълкъ (pŭlkŭ), пълъкъ (pŭlŭkŭ)</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Old Ruthenian</lang>
                          <orth>полкъ (polk)</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Belarusian</lang>
                            <orth>полк (polk)</orth>
                          </form>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Ukrainian</lang>
                            <orth>полк (polk)</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>*𐍆𐌿𐌻𐌺 (*fulk)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Proto-Slavic</lang>
                    <orth>*pъlkъ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>East Slavic</lang>
                      <orth>?</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Old East Slavic</lang>
                        <orth>пълкъ (pŭlkŭ), пълъкъ (pŭlŭkŭ)</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Old Ruthenian</lang>
                          <orth>полкъ (polk)</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Polish</lang>
                            <orth>połk, półk, pułk</orth>
                            <form type="descendant">
                              <lang>German</lang>
                              <orth>Pulk</orth>
                            </form>
                            <form type="descendant">
                              <lang>Latvian</lang>
                              <orth>pulks</orth>
                            </form>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>*𐍆𐌿𐌻𐌺 (*fulk)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Proto-Slavic</lang>
                    <orth>*pъlkъ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>South Slavic</lang>
                      <orth>?</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Bulgarian</lang>
                        <orth>пълк (pǎlk)</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Macedonian</lang>
                        <orth>полк (polk)</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Old Church Slavonic</lang>
                        <orth>?</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Serbo-Croatian</lang>
                        <orth>?</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Slovene</lang>
                        <orth>połk</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>*𐍆𐌿𐌻𐌺 (*fulk)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Proto-Slavic</lang>
                    <orth>*pъlkъ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Slavic</lang>
                      <orth>?</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Czech</lang>
                        <orth>pluk</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Old Polish</lang>
                        <orth>*pełk</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Slovak</lang>
                        <orth>pluk</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>*𐍆𐌿𐌻𐌺 (*fulk)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Proto-Slavic</lang>
                    <orth>*pъlkъ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Slavic</lang>
                      <orth>?</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Sorbian</lang>
                        <orth>?</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Upper Sorbian</lang>
                          <orth>połk</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Finnic</lang>
                  <orth>*hulkka</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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