<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="en" version="4.12.0">
  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *furhs</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_furhs</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_cel-x-proto_frika" xml:lang="cel-x-proto" type="cognate">
          <orth>*ɸrikā</orth>
          <def>furrow</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_perk" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*perḱ-</orth>
          <def>to dig</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_porca" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>porca</orth>
          <def>lynchet</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lit_praparsas" xml:lang="lit" type="cognate">
          <orth>praparšas</orth>
          <def>ditch</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_san_parsana" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>पर्शान</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>párśāna</orth>
          </form>
          <def>chasm</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_furhs" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/furhs">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>furhs</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɸurxs</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚠᚢᚱᚺᛊ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">feminine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">consonant stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>furrow</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_perk"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_perk">*perḱ-</ref></mentioned> (‘to dig’). Cognate with Proto-Celtic <mentioned xml:lang="cel-x-proto" target="#cog_cel-x-proto_frika"><ref target="#cog_cel-x-proto_frika">*ɸrikā</ref></mentioned> (‘furrow’), Latin <mentioned xml:lang="lat" target="#cog_lat_porca"><ref target="#cog_lat_porca">porca</ref></mentioned> (‘lynchet’), Lithuanian <mentioned xml:lang="lit" target="#cog_lit_praparsas"><ref target="#cog_lit_praparsas">praparšas</ref></mentioned> (‘ditch’), Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="san" target="#cog_san_parsana"><ref target="#cog_san_parsana">पर्शान</ref></mentioned> (párśāna, ‘chasm’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>furhs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>furhiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>furhų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>furhunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>furhiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>furhǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>furhi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>furhumaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>furhē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>furhumiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>furh</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>furhiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*furh</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*furh, *furuh</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>vōre, vuere</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>voor, vore</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*furh</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>furh, furuh</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>forow, furgh</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>furrow</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>furr</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*furh</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>furch</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>?</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Fuurge</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>fuorge</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*furh</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>furh, furuh</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Italian</lang>
                      <orth>forra</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*furh</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>furh, furuh</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>vurch</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Furche</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>Fuer</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Vilamovian</lang>
                        <orth>fiüch</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*furh</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*furh, furuh</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>vōre, vōr</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Föör</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>for</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>for</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>for</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>for</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>fåra</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Finnic</lang>
                  <orth>*horho</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>
