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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *furhtijaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_furhtijaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_furhtijana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/furhtijaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>furhtijaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɸurx.ti.jɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚠᚢᚱᚺᛏᛁᛃᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Weak class 1</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to frighten, make afraid</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>to fear, be afraid</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">A union of two related formations, a factitive from *furhtaz (‘fearful, afraid’) + *-janą and denominative *furhtō (‘fright, fear’) + *-janą.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>furhtijō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>furhtijaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>furhtijai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>furhtīsi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>furhtijais</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>furhtī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>furhtijasai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>furhtijaisau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>furhtīþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>furhtijai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>furhtijaþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>furhtijaþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>furhtijaiþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>furhtijōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>furhtijaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>furhtijaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>furhtijaiþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>furhtijaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>furhtijamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>furhtijaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>furhtijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>furhtijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>furhtīþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>furhtijaiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>furhtīþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>furhtijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>furhtijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>furhtijanþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>furhtijain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>furhtijanþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>furhtijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>furhtijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>furhtidǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>furhtidēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>furhtidēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>furhtidēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>furhtidē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>furhtidēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>furhtidēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>furhtidēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>furhtidēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>furhtidēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>furhtidēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>furhtidēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>furhtidēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>furhtidēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>furhtidēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>furhtidēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>furhtijandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>furhtidaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>furhtijaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*furhtijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*forhten, *furhten</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>vruchten</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>vruchten</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*furhtijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>fyrhtan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>frighten, friȝten, fyrten</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>fright</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>fricht</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*furhtijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>furhten, forhten, forahten</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>vurchten</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>fürchten</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>fäerten</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*furhtijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>forhtian</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>vörchten, vröchten, vrüchten, vürchten</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>fürchten</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌷𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽 (faurhtjan)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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