<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="en" version="4.12.0">
  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *fērō</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_fērō</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="orel2003" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/U6EVGQ9E">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">A Handbook of Germanic Etymology</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Vladimir</forename>
              <surname>Orel</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2003</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="pokorny1959" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/7PPDZBL9">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Julius</forename>
              <surname>Pokorny</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Francke Verlag</publisher>
              <biblScope unit="volume">I</biblScope>
              <date>1959</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_peira" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>πεῖρᾰ</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>peîră</orth>
          </form>
          <def>trial</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_per" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*per-</orth>
          <def>to try, dare, risk</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_fero" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/fērō">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>fērō</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɸɛː.rɔː</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚠᛖᚱᛟ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">feminine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">ō-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>danger</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From a lengthened grade root of Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_per"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_per">*per-</ref></mentioned> (‘to try, dare, risk’) with the semantic shift being ‘malicious attempt, stalking’ → ‘danger’ → ‘fear’ <bibl corresp="#pokorny1959">Pokorny 1959</bibl>. Compare Old Armenian փորձ (pʻorj, ‘attempt’), Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_peira"><ref target="#cog_grc_peira">πεῖρᾰ</ref></mentioned> (peîră, ‘trial’) <bibl corresp="#orel2003">Orel 2003</bibl>.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>fērō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>fērôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>fērǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>fērōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>fērōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>fērǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>fērōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>fērōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>fērō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>fērōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>fērō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>fērôz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                  <orth>*fār, *fāra</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>vāre, vaer</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old English</lang>
                  <orth>fǣr, ġefǣr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle English</lang>
                    <orth>fer, fere, feer</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>English</lang>
                      <orth>fear</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scots</lang>
                      <orth>fere, feir, fear</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                  <orth>*fāra, fār</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                    <orth>vâre, vâr, gevâr, gevêr, gevêre</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>fare</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Low German</lang>
                      <orth>Gefahr</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>fare</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                      <orth>fare</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                  <orth>*fāra, fār</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                    <orth>vâre, vâr, gevâr, gevêr, gevêre</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>fara</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Finnish</lang>
                        <orth>vaara</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old High German</lang>
                  <orth>*fār, fāra</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                    <orth>vāre, vār, gevāre</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                      <orth>Gefor</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old High German</lang>
                  <orth>*fār, fāra</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                    <orth>vāre, vār, gevāre</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>German</lang>
                      <orth>Fahr, Gefahr</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Gefahr</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                        <orth>Gefoar</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>געפֿער (gefer)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old High German</lang>
                  <orth>*fār, fāra</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                    <orth>vāre, vār, gevāre</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>German</lang>
                      <orth>Fahr, Gefahr</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>gevaar</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                          <orth>gefaar</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐍆𐌴𐍂𐌾𐌰 (fērja)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>
