<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="en" version="4.12.0">
  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *fōdijaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_fōdijaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_pateomai" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>πατέομαι</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>patéomai</orth>
          </form>
          <def>to eat</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_peh2" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*peh₂-</orth>
          <def>protect, guard, graze, feed</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_fodijana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/fōdijaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>fōdijaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɸɔː.ði.jɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚠᛟᛞᛁᛃᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Weak class 1</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to feed</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>to give birth</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Orel suggests it's derived from *fōdô (‘food’) + *-janą. Kroonen assumes it is a causative verb derived from a lost strong verb *faþaną, from pre-Germanic *ph₂t- a zero-grade present form of Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_peh2"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_peh2">*peh₂-</ref></mentioned> (‘protect, guard, graze, feed’) extended with *-t-. Compare Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_pateomai"><ref target="#cog_grc_pateomai">πατέομαι</ref></mentioned> (patéomai, ‘to eat’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>fōdijō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>fōdijaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>fōdijai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>fōdīsi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>fōdijais</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>fōdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>fōdijasai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>fōdijaisau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>fōdīþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>fōdijai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>fōdijaþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>fōdijaþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>fōdijaiþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>fōdijōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>fōdijaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>fōdijaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>fōdijaiþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>fōdijaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>fōdijamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>fōdijaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>fōdijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>fōdijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>fōdīþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>fōdijaiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>fōdīþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>fōdijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>fōdijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>fōdijanþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>fōdijain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>fōdijanþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>fōdijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>fōdijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>fōdidǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>fōdidēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>fōdidēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>fōdidēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>fōdidē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>fōdidēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>fōdidēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>fōdidēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>fōdidēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>fōdidēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>fōdidēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>fōdidēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>fōdidēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>fōdidēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>fōdidēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>fōdidēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>fōdijandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>fōdidaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>fōdijaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*fōdijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*fuoden</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>voeden</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>voeden</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>voed</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*fōdijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>fēdan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>feden</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>feed</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>fede, feid</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*fōdijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>fēda</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>fiede</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*fōdijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>fuoten</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>vüeten</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*fōdijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>fōdian</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>vö̂den</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>föden</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>fǿða</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>føða</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>fæða</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>føda, fø</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>fǿða</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>føthæ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>føde</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>føde, fø</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>fǿða</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>fø̄þa</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>föda</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>fꝍða</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>føða</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>fæða</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>føda, fø</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>fꝍða</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>føthæ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>føde</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>føde, fø</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>fꝍða</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>fø̄þa</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>föda</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>fœða</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>føða</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>fæða</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>føda, fø</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>fœða</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>føthæ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>føde</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>føde, fø</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>fœða</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>fø̄þa</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>föda</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>fæða</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>føða</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>fæða</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>føda, fø</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>fæða</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>føthæ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>føde</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>føde, fø</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>fæða</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>fø̄þa</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>föda</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐍆𐍉𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽 (fōdjan)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>
