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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *fūlaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_fūlaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_pus" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>pūs</orth>
          <def>foul, corrupt matter; pus</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lit_puti" xml:lang="lit" type="cognate">
          <orth>pū́ti</orth>
          <def>to rot</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_san_puyati" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>पूयति</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>pū́yati</orth>
          </form>
          <def>to become foul, to become putrid; to stink</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_fulaz" type="adj" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/fūlaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>fūlaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɸuː.lɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚠᚢᛚᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>adj</pos>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>foul, dirty</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>rotten</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European *púH-lo-s, from *puH- (‘to be rotten; putrid’). Cognate with Lithuanian <mentioned xml:lang="lit" target="#cog_lit_puti"><ref target="#cog_lit_puti">pū́ti</ref></mentioned> (‘to rot’), Latin <mentioned xml:lang="lat" target="#cog_lat_pus"><ref target="#cog_lat_pus">pūs</ref></mentioned> (‘foul, corrupt matter; pus’), Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="san" target="#cog_san_puyati"><ref target="#cog_san_puyati">पूयति</ref></mentioned> (pūyati, ‘rots, smells’), Persian پوسیدن (pusidan, ‘to rot’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>fūlaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>fūlō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>fūlą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>fūlai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>fūlôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>fūlō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>fūlanǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>fūlǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>fūlą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>fūlanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>fūlōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>fūlō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>fūlas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>fūlaizōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>fūlas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>fūlaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>fūlaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>fūlaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>fūlammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>fūlaizōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>fūlammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>fūlaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>fūlaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>fūlaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>fūlanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>fūlaizō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>fūlanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>fūlaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>fūlaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>fūlaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>fūlô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>fūlǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>fūlô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>fūlaniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>fūlōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>fūlōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>fūlanų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>fūlōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>fūlô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>fūlanunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>fūlōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>fūlōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>fūliniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>fūlōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>fūliniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>fūlanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>fūlōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>fūlanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>fūlini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>fūlōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>fūlini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>fūlammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>fūlōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>fūlammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>fūlinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>fūlōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>fūlinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>fūlammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>fūlōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>fūlammiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*fūl</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*fūl</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>vuul</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>vuil</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>vuil</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*fūl</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>fūl</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>foul</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>foul</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>foul</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*fūl</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>fūl</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>fuul</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>fûl</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*fūl</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>fūl</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>vūl, voul</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Cimbrian</lang>
                        <orth>baul</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>faul</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>פֿױל (foyl)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*fūl</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*fūl</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>vûl</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>fuul</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>fúll</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>ful</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>fúlur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>fäul</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>fúll</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                    <orth>ful</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>ful</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>fúll</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>fūl</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>ful</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐍆𐌿𐌻𐍃 (fūls)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>
