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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *gagin</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_gagin</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_gagin" type="preposition" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/gagin">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>gagin</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɣɑ.ɣin</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚷᚨᚷᛁᚾ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>preposition</pos>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>towards, in the direction of</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>against</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Of uncertain origin. Orel tentatively suggests the word to be a metathesized derivative of *ganganą (‘to go, walk, step’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gagin</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>gegin</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>jegen, jeghen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>jeghens</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>jegens</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                            <orth>jeens</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gagin</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>gegin</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>jegen, jeghen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>tegen, tjegen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>tegen</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                            <orth>teen</orth>
                          </form>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Caribbean Javanese</lang>
                            <orth>tékhe</orth>
                          </form>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Negerhollands</lang>
                            <orth>tegen, teegen</orth>
                          </form>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Skepi Creole Dutch</lang>
                            <orth>tagen</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gagin</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>ġeġn, gæġn, ġēan, ġēn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>gain, ȝæn</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>gain</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>gain, gin</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gagin</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>jēn, jōn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>jen, jien</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>juun</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gagin</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>jēn, jōn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>jin</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                        <orth>tsjin</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gagin</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>gagan, gegin, kagan, kagen, gagen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>gegen, gagen, jegen, gein, gēn</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Alemannic German</lang>
                        <orth>gege</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Cimbrian</lang>
                        <orth>ghéghen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>gegen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Hunsrik</lang>
                        <orth>geghe</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>קעגן (kegn)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gagin</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>gagan, gegin, kagan, kagen, gagen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>gegen, gagen, jegen, gein, gēn</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                        <orth>gein, gēn</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>German</lang>
                          <orth>gen</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                          <orth>géint</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                          <orth>קיין (keyn)</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gagin</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>gegin, gigin, gagan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>gēgen, jēgen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>giegen, gegen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Low German</lang>
                          <orth>tiegen, tegen</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>gegn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>gen-</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>gjøgn</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>gegn</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>gegnum</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>gegn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle English</lang>
                    <orth>gayn, geyn, gein, gain, gayne, gaine</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>English</lang>
                      <orth>gain</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scots</lang>
                      <orth>gain</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>gegn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>í gegn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>igen</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Faroese</lang>
                      <orth>ígjøgn</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Jamtish</lang>
                      <orth>igjann</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                      <orth>?, igjen</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>gegn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>í gegn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>ī gēn</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Swedish</lang>
                        <orth>igen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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