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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *gaginjaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_gaginjaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_gaginjana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/gaginjaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>gaginjaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɣɑ.ɣin.jɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚷᚨᚷᛁᚾᛃᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Weak class 1</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to go against</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>to meet, to encounter</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From *gagin (‘towards, against’) + *-janą.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>gaginjō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>gaginjaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>gaginjai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>gaginisi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>gaginjais</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>gagini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>gaginjasai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>gaginjaisau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>gaginiþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>gaginjai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>gaginjaþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>gaginjaþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>gaginjaiþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>gaginjōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>gaginjaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>gaginjaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>gaginjaiþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>gaginjaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>gaginjamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>gaginjaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>gaginjanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>gaginjainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>gaginiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>gaginjaiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>gaginiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>gaginjanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>gaginjainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>gaginjanþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>gaginjain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>gaginjanþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>gaginjanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>gaginjainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>gaginidǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>gaginidēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>gaginidēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>gaginidēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>gaginidē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>gaginidēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>gaginidēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>gaginidēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>gaginidēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>gaginidēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>gaginidēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>gaginidēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>gaginidēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>gaginidēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>gaginidēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>gaginidēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>gaginjandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>gaginidaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>gaginjaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gaginijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>ġieġnan, ġīnan, ġȳnan</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gaginijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*jegenen, *gegenen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>jēgenen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>bejēgenen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>bejegenen</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                            <orth>bejeën</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gaginijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>geginen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>gegenen</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gaginijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>geginen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old High German</lang>
                      <orth>bigaganen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                        <orth>begegenen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>German</lang>
                          <orth>begegnen</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gaginijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>geginian</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>gēgenen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>begegen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                        <orth>begēgenen, bejēgenen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>gegna</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>gegna</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                  <orth>genæ</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>genne</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                  <orth>genæ</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle English</lang>
                    <orth>geȝȝnen, geinen, geynen, gaynen, gainen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>English</lang>
                      <orth>gain</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scots</lang>
                      <orth>gain</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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