<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="en" version="4.12.0">
  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *gahnaistô</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_gahnaistô</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_gahnaisto" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/gahnaistô">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>gahnaistô</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ɣɑ.ˈxnɑi̯s.tɔːː</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚷᚨᚺᚾᚨᛁᛊᛏᛟ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">an-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>spark</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From *ga- + *hnaistô.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>gahnaistô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>gahnaistaniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>gahnaistanų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>gahnaistanunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>gahnaistiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>gahnaistanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>gahnaistini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>gahnaistammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>gahnaistinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>gahnaistammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>gahnaistô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>gahnaistaniz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gahnaistō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*ganēstra, *ganistra</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>ghenstere, genster, genstere, geenster, geenstere, geinstere, genstre, geister</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>genster, geinster</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                          <orth>geinster</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gahnaistō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>*gnāst</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old English</lang>
                      <orth>fȳrgnāst</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gahnaistō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>*gnāst</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>gnast, gnost, gnoste, knast</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>gnast, snaste, snast, snaist, snaast, sneeste, sneest, snace, snaice, sneeze, snaich</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gahnaistō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>*ganeisto, gneisto, kneisto, gnanisto, gnaneista, ganeista, gneista</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>geneiste, gneiste, ganeist</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Gneist</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gahnaistō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>*ganeisto, gneisto, kneisto, gnanisto, gnaneista, ganeista, gneista</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old High German</lang>
                      <orth>gnaneistra, ganeistra</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                        <orth>ganeister, geneister</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>German</lang>
                          <orth>Gneister, Ganster</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                          <orth>genster</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>gneisti</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>gnist</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>neisti</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>gneisti, neisti</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                    <orth>gnist</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>gneiste, neiste, neistre</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Scots</lang>
                    <orth>neist</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>gnist, gnista, gnistra</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>neisti</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>gnist</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>neisti</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>gneisti, neisti</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                    <orth>gnist</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>gneiste, neiste, neistre</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Scots</lang>
                    <orth>neist</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>gnist, gnista, gnistra</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hneisti</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>gnist</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>neisti</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>gneisti, neisti</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                    <orth>gnist</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>gneiste, neiste, neistre</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Scots</lang>
                    <orth>neist</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>gnist, gnista, gnistra</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>
