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<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="en" version="4.12.0">
  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *galaubijaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_galaubijaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_galaubijana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/galaubijaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>galaubijaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ɣɑ.ˈlɑu̯.βi.jɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚷᚨᛚᚨᚢᛒᛁᛃᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Weak class 1</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to praise; commend</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>to allow; grant</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="3">
            <def>to believe</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From *ga- + *laubijaną.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>galaubijō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>galaubijaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>galaubijai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>galaubīsi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>galaubijais</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>galaubī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>galaubijasai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>galaubijaisau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>galaubīþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>galaubijai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>galaubijaþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>galaubijaþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>galaubijaiþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>galaubijōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>galaubijaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>galaubijaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>galaubijaiþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>galaubijaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>galaubijamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>galaubijaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>galaubijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>galaubijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>galaubīþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>galaubijaiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>galaubīþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>galaubijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>galaubijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>galaubijanþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>galaubijain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>galaubijanþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>galaubijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>galaubijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>galaubidǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>galaubidēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>galaubidēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>galaubidēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>galaubidē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>galaubidēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>galaubidēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>galaubidēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>galaubidēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>galaubidēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>galaubidēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>galaubidēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>galaubidēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>galaubidēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>galaubidēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>galaubidēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>galaubijandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>galaubidaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>galaubijaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*galaubijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>gilōven</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>gelôven</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>geluive</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*galaubijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>gilōven</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>gelôven</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>geloven</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>glo</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Berbice Creole Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>glofu</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Javindo</lang>
                          <orth>gelofen</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Jersey Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>xjelôve</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Negerhollands</lang>
                          <orth>geloof, gloof</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*galaubijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>ġelīefan, ġelȳfan, ġelēfan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>ȝeleven, yleven, ileven</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*galaubijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>lēva</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>leeuwe</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>leauwe</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*galaubijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>gilouben</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>gelouben, gelöuben</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Cimbrian</lang>
                        <orth>klóoban</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>glauben, gläuben</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>גלייבן (gleybn)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*galaubijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>gilouben</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>gelouben, gelöuben</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Central Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>jläuve, jlööve, gleewe, glaawe</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Hunsrik</lang>
                          <orth>glaave</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                          <orth>gleewen</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*galaubijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>gilōvian</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>gelôven</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>glöven, löven</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>glöven</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                        <orth>jleewen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*gleyfa</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>leyfa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>loyva</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>leyfa</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>leyfa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>løyva</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>løyve</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌾𐌰𐌽 (galaubjan)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>
