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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *galdraz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_galdraz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_ghel" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*gʰel-</orth>
          <def>to shout, cry</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_galdraz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/galdraz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>galdraz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɣɑl.drɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚷᚨᛚᛞᚱᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>singing; song</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>charm; incantation; spell</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_ghel"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_ghel">*gʰel-</ref></mentioned> (‘to cry, scream’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>galdraz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>galdrōz, galdrōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>galdrą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>galdranz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>galdras, galdris</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>galdrǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>galdrai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>galdramaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>galdrō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>galdramiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>galdr</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>galdrōz, galdrōs</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*galdr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>galdar, galstar</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*galdar</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*galdr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>galdor, gealdor</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>galder</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>galdr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>galdur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>galdur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Irish</lang>
                    <orth>goldar</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>galder</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>galdr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>galder, gallir, ᚵᛆᛚᚦᚽᚱ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>galder</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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