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      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *galgô</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_galgô</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_gholgh_gholg" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*ǵʰolgʰ- ~ *ǵʰolg-</orth>
          <def>long switch, rod, shaft, pole, perch</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lit_zalga" xml:lang="lit" type="cognate">
          <orth>žalgà</orth>
          <def>long, thin stake</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_galgo" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/galgô">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>galgô</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɣɑl.ɣɔːː</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚷᚨᛚᚷᛟ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">an-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>a gallows, gibbet</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>a rod, pole, stake</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="3">
            <def>a beam, cross-beam, rafter</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_gholgh_gholg"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_gholgh_gholg">*ǵʰolgʰ- ~ *ǵʰolg-</ref></mentioned> (‘long switch, rod, shaft, pole, perch’), a root with irregular variation. Cognate with Lithuanian <mentioned xml:lang="lit" target="#cog_lit_zalga"><ref target="#cog_lit_zalga">žalgà</ref></mentioned> (‘long, thin stake’), Old Armenian ձաղկ (jałk, ‘rod, stick’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>galgô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>galganiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>galganų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>galganunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>galginiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>galganǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>galgini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>galgammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>galginē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>galgammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>galgô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>galganiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*galgō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*galga</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>galge</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>galg</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>galg</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*galgō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>ġealga, galga</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>galwes, galwe, galowe, galewes</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>gallow, gallows</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>galow, gallo, gallows</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*galgō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old French</lang>
                    <orth>jauge, gauge</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Galician</lang>
                      <orth>galgar</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*galgō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old French</lang>
                    <orth>jauge, gauge</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>gauge, gage</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>gauge</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>gauge</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*galgō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old French</lang>
                    <orth>jauge, gauge</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle French</lang>
                      <orth>jauge</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>French</lang>
                        <orth>jauge</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*galgō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>galga</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>gulig</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Galge</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>galge</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*galgō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>galgo, galga</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>galge</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Alemannic German</lang>
                        <orth>Galge</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>Gaalgen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*galgō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>galgo, galga</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>galge</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Galgen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Serbo-Croatian</lang>
                          <orth>?</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*galgō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>galgo</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>galge</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Galge, Galg</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Galgen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                        <orth>Gaulj</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>galgi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>galge</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>gálgi</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>galge</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>gálgi</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>galge</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>galgi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>galghe, ᚵᛆᛚᚵᚼᚽ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>galge</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌲𐌰 (galga)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
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