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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *gallô</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_gallô</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_cel-x-proto_galarom" xml:lang="cel-x-proto" type="cognate">
          <orth>*galarom</orth>
          <def>pain, illness ~ grief</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_cym_gal" xml:lang="cym" type="cognate">
          <orth>gâl</orth>
          <def>ache</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_hit_kal_la_ar_gallar_x2" xml:lang="hit" type="cognate">
          <orth>𒆗𒆷𒅈</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>kal-la-ar /⁠gallar/</orth>
          </form>
          <def>inauspicious, bad; enormous</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lit_zala" xml:lang="lit" type="cognate">
          <orth>žalà</orth>
          <def>damage, harm</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_sla-x-proto_z_l" xml:lang="sla-x-proto" type="cognate">
          <orth>*zъlъ</orth>
          <def>bad, evil</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_gallo" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/gallô">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>gallô</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɣɑl.lɔːː</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚷᚨᛚᛟ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">an-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>infirmity, weakness</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>barrenness; flaw, reproach</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="3">
            <def>swelling; lesion</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰelH-r/n- (compare the r-stem in Norwegian galder (‘swelling on a horse's foot’)), cognate with Proto-Celtic <mentioned xml:lang="cel-x-proto" target="#cog_cel-x-proto_galarom"><ref target="#cog_cel-x-proto_galarom">*galarom</ref></mentioned> (‘pain, illness ~ grief’) and Hittite <mentioned xml:lang="hit" target="#cog_hit_kal_la_ar_gallar_x2"><ref target="#cog_hit_kal_la_ar_gallar_x2">𒆗𒆷𒅈</ref></mentioned> (kal-la-ar /⁠gallar-⁠/, ‘inauspicious, bad; enormous’) (reflecting *ǵʰ(o)lH-ro-), from a root *ǵʰelH- (‘to damage, cause pain; to be bad, evil’) (compare Welsh <mentioned xml:lang="cym" target="#cog_cym_gal"><ref target="#cog_cym_gal">gâl</ref></mentioned> (‘ache’), Lithuanian <mentioned xml:lang="lit" target="#cog_lit_zala"><ref target="#cog_lit_zala">žalà</ref></mentioned> (‘damage, harm’) and Proto-Slavic <mentioned xml:lang="sla-x-proto" target="#cog_sla-x-proto_z_l"><ref target="#cog_sla-x-proto_z_l">*zъlъ</ref></mentioned> (‘bad, evil’)), though this root is somewhat disputed. However, see also Proto-Germanic *gallǭ (‘bile’). Connection if any to Latin galla is uncertain.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>gallô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>gallaniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>gallanų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>gallanunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>galliniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>gallanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>gallini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>gallammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>gallinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>gallammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>gallô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>gallaniz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gallō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>ġealla, galla</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>galle</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>gall</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>gall, gaw</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gallō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>*gallo, *galla</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>galle</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Galle</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gallō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*gallo, *galla</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>galle</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                        <orth>galder</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>galli</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>galli</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>gall</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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