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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *gallǭ</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_gallǭ</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ave_zara" xml:lang="ave" type="cognate">
          <orth>𐬰𐬁𐬭𐬀</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>zāra</orth>
          </form>
          <def>gall</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_khole" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>χολή</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>kholḗ</orth>
          </form>
          <def>gall, bile</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_ghelh3" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*ǵʰelh₃-</orth>
          <def>green, yellow</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_gallo_x2" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/gallǭ">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>gallǭ</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɣɑl.lɔ̃ː</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚷᚨᛚᛟ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">feminine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">ōn-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>gall, bile</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_ghelh3"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_ghelh3">*ǵʰelh₃-</ref></mentioned> (‘green, yellow’). Related to Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_khole"><ref target="#cog_grc_khole">χολή</ref></mentioned> (kholḗ, ‘gall, bile’), Avestan <mentioned xml:lang="ave" target="#cog_ave_zara"><ref target="#cog_ave_zara">𐬰𐬁𐬭𐬀</ref></mentioned> (zāra, ‘gall’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>gallǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>gallōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>gallōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>gallōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>gallōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>gallōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>gallōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>gallōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>gallōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>gallōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>gallǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>gallōniz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gallā</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>galla</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>galle</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>gal</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gallā</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>galla</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>galle</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>gal</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>gal</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Berbice Creole Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>gali</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Negerhollands</lang>
                          <orth>gal</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Papiamentu</lang>
                          <orth>hal, gal</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gallā</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>galla, ġealla</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>English</lang>
                      <orth>gall</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gallā</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*galle</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Galle</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>galle</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gallā</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>galla</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>galle</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Cimbrian</lang>
                        <orth>galla</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Galle</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>Gal</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>גאַל (gal)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gallā</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>galla</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>galle</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Galle, Gall</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>galle</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>gall</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>gall</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>gall</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                    <orth>galle</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>galle</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>gall</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>gallæ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>galde</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>gall</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>galle</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>galle, galla</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*gallą</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>gall</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>gall</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                    <orth>galle</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>galle</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*gallą</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>gallæ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>galde</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*gallą</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>galle</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>galle, galla</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Latin</lang>
                  <orth>galla</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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