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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *galpōną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_galpōną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_galpona" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/galpōną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>galpōną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɣɑl.pɔː.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚷᚨᛚᛈᛟᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Weak class 2</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to resound; sound out</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>to boast</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European *gʰolb-, from *gʰel- (‘to call, cry out, shout, scream’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>galpō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>galpǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>galpōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>galpōsi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>galpōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>galpō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>galpōsai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>galpōsau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>galpōþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>galpō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>galpōþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>galpōþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>galpōþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>galpōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>galpōw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>galpōþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>galpōþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>galpōþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>galpōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>galpōm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>galpōnþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>galpōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>galpōþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>galpōþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>galpōþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>galpōnþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>galpōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>galpōnþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>galpōn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>galpōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>galpōnþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>galpōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>galpōdǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>galpōdēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>galpōdēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>galpōdēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>galpōdē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>galpōdēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>galpōdēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>galpōdēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>galpōdēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>galpōdēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>galpōdēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>galpōdēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>galpōdēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>galpōdēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>galpōdēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>galpōdēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>galpōndz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>galpōdaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>galpōną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*galpōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*galpon</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>galpen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>galpen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*galpōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>*galpian, *gealpian</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old English</lang>
                      <orth>galpettan</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*galpōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>*galpian, *gealpian</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>galpen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>galp, gaup</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>gaup</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*galpōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*galpia</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>galpje</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>gjalpje, gjealpje, gjalpe</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*galpōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>*galpfōn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>galpen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>galpen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*galpōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>galpōn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>galpen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>galpen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*galpōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Vulgar Latin</lang>
                    <orth>*galpāre</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Occitan</lang>
                      <orth>jaupar, japar</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Old French</lang>
                        <orth>japer</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Middle English</lang>
                          <orth>japen</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>English</lang>
                            <orth>jape</orth>
                          </form>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Scots</lang>
                            <orth>jap</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*galpōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Vulgar Latin</lang>
                    <orth>*galpāre</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Occitan</lang>
                      <orth>jaupar, japar</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Old French</lang>
                        <orth>japer</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Middle French</lang>
                          <orth>japper</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>French</lang>
                            <orth>japper</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*galpa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>galpa</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
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