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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *gamainiz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_gamainiz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_communis" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>commūnis</orth>
          <def>common, commonplace, ordinary, general, universal, shared</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_gamainiz" type="adj" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/gamainiz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>gamainiz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ɣɑ.ˈmɑi̯.niz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚷᚨᛗᚨᛁᚾᛁᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>adj</pos>
            <gram type="stem">i-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>shared, communal, public</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>common, ordinary</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From *ga- + *mainiz, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱom-moynis. Related to Latin <mentioned xml:lang="lat" target="#cog_lat_communis"><ref target="#cog_lat_communis">commūnis</ref></mentioned> (from earlier comoinis).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>gamainiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>gamainī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>gamainį, -jatō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>gamainijai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>gamainijôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>gamainijō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>gamainijanǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>gamainijǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>gamainį, -jatō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>gamainijanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>gamainijōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>gamainijō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>gamainijas, gamainīs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>gamainijaizōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>gamainijas, gamainīs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>gamainijaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>gamainijaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>gamainijaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>gamainijammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>gamainijaizōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>gamainijammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>gamainijaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>gamainijaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>gamainijaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>gamainijanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>gamainijaizō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>gamainijanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>gamainijaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>gamainijaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>gamainijaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>gamainijô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>gamainijǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>gamainijô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>gamainijaniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>gamainijōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>gamainijōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>gamainijanų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>gamainijōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>gamainijô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>gamainijanunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>gamainijōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>gamainijōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>gamainīniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>gamainijōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>gamainīniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>gamainijanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>gamainijōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>gamainijanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>gamainīni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>gamainijōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>gamainīni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>gamainijammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>gamainijōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>gamainijammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>gamainīnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>gamainijōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>gamainīnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>gamainijammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>gamainijōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>gamainijammiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gamainī</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*gimēni</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>gemêne</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>gemein</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gamainī</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*gimēni</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>gemêne</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>gemeen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>gemeen</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Negerhollands</lang>
                          <orth>gemeen</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Petjo</lang>
                          <orth>gemeen</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gamainī</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>ġemǣne</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>ȝemene, imæne, imeane, imene</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>mean</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>mene, mein</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gamainī</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>gemēne</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>gemeen</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>gemien, mien</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gamainī</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>gimeini</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>gemeine</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>gemein</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>gemeeng</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gamainī</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>gimeini</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old High German</lang>
                      <orth>gimeinī</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Alemannic German</lang>
                        <orth>g'mai</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gamainī</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>gimeini</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old High German</lang>
                      <orth>gimeinī</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                        <orth>gemeine</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Bavarian</lang>
                          <orth>?</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                          <orth>Gemeng</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gamainī</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>gimeini</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old High German</lang>
                      <orth>gimeinī</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                        <orth>gemeine</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>German</lang>
                          <orth>Gemeine</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Polish</lang>
                            <orth>gmina</orth>
                            <form type="descendant">
                              <lang>English</lang>
                              <orth>gmina</orth>
                            </form>
                            <form type="descendant">
                              <lang>Ukrainian</lang>
                              <orth>ґміна (gmina)</orth>
                            </form>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gamainī</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>gimēni</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>gemêne, gemeine, gemên</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>gemeen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Swedish</lang>
                        <orth>gemen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍃 (gamains)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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