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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *gamaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_gamaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_gamana" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/gamaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>gamaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɣɑ.mɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚷᚨᛗᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">neuter</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>a fellow human, associate, companion</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>pleasure, enjoyment, joy</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="3">
            <def>fun, amusement, game, sport</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Exact origin uncertain. Perhaps from *ga- + *mann-, but the stress is on the first syllable, whereas the prefix *ga- never bears stress. Alternatively:</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>gamaną</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>gamanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>gamaną</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>gamanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>gamanas, gamanis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>gamanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>gamanai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>gamanamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>gamanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>gamanamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>gamaną</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>gamanō</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gaman</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*gaman</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>game, gāme</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>gemelijc</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>gemelijk</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gaman</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>gamen, gomen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>game, gamen, gemen, gomen, gome, gammen, gaume, gamme, gamin, gomin, gomyn, gomun, gam, geme</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>game</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>gemme, gem, gyem, game</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yola</lang>
                        <orth>gaame, gaume, gaaume</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gaman</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>game, gome</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>gammen</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gaman</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>gaman</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>gamen, gamel, game</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Gammel</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gaman</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>gaman</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>gamel</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Gammel</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>gaman</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>gems</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>?</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>gaman</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>gaman</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>?</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>gaman, gama</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>gaman</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>?</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>gamen, gammæn, gaman</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>gammen</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>gammen</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>?</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>gaman, gamman, gammen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>gamman</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>man</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>man</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌽 (gaman)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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