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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *ganhāną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_ganhāną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_gwhew" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*gʷʰew-</orth>
          <def>to revere, look at</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_sla-x-proto_goveti" xml:lang="sla-x-proto" type="cognate">
          <orth>*gově̀ti</orth>
          <def>to revere, fast</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_ganhana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/ganhāną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>ganhāną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɣɑ̃ː.xɑː.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚷᚨᚾᚺᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Weak class 3</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to inspect; to take into account</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Uncertain. The traditional connection to Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_gwhew"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_gwhew">*gʷʰew-</ref></mentioned> (‘to revere, look at’) (whence Proto-Slavic <mentioned xml:lang="sla-x-proto" target="#cog_sla-x-proto_goveti"><ref target="#cog_sla-x-proto_goveti">*gově̀ti</ref></mentioned> (‘to revere, fast’)), implying a reconstructed Germanic form *gawēną, is contradicted by the nasal vowel in the descendant Elfdalian gą̊, and comparisons to Proto-Germanic *gaumaz (‘heed, attention’) are similarly phonetically difficult.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>ganhō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>ganhaisi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>ganhai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>ganhāsai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>ganhaiþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>ganhāþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>ganhāþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>ganhōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>ganhāþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>ganhāþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>ganhāmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>ganhānþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>ganhaiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>ganhaiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>ganhānþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>ganhānþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>ganhānþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>ganhānþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>ganhadǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>ganhadēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>ganhadēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>ganhadēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>ganhadē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>ganhadēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>ganhadēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>ganhadēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>ganhadēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>ganhadēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>ganhadēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>ganhadēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>ganhadēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>ganhadēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>ganhadēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>ganhadēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>ganhāndz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>ganhadaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>ganhāną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>gá</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                    <orth>gą̊</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>gáa</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>gá</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>
