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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *gans</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_gans</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ave_za" xml:lang="ave" type="cognate">
          <orth>𐬰𐬁</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>zā</orth>
          </form>
          <def>goose</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_khen" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>χήν</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>khḗn</orth>
          </form>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_ghh2ens" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*ǵʰh₂éns</orth>
          <def>goose</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_san_hamsa" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>हंस</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>haṃsá</orth>
          </form>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_gans" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/gans">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>gans</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɣɑns</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚷᚨᚾᛊ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">feminine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">consonant stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>goose</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Inherited from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_ghh2ens"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_ghh2ens">*ǵʰh₂éns</ref></mentioned> (‘goose’). Compare Albanian gatë, Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_khen"><ref target="#cog_grc_khen">χήν</ref></mentioned> (khḗn), Avestan <mentioned xml:lang="ave" target="#cog_ave_za"><ref target="#cog_ave_za">𐬰𐬁</ref></mentioned> (zā), Irish gé, Latin ānser, Latvian zùoss, Russian гусь (gusʹ), and Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="san" target="#cog_san_hamsa"><ref target="#cog_san_hamsa">हंस</ref></mentioned> (haṃsá). Proto-Slavic *gǫ̑sь, however, does not exhibit the regular satem development as Baltic does and is therefore better explained as a Germanic loan, or at least influenced by the Germanic cognate.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>gans</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>gansiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>gansų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>gansunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>gansiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>gansǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>gansi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>gansumaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>gansē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>gansumiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>gans</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>gansiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gans</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*gans, *guos</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>gans, goes</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>gans, goes</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Caribbean Hindustani</lang>
                          <orth>hans</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Jersey Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>xânz</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Lokono</lang>
                          <orth>kansa</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Negerhollands</lang>
                          <orth>gans</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Papiamentu</lang>
                          <orth>gans</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gans</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*gans, *guos</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>gans, goes</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>gans, goes</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>gans</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Xhosa</lang>
                            <orth>urhanisi</orth>
                          </form>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Zulu</lang>
                            <orth>ihansi</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gans</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*gans, *guos</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>gans, goes</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>gans, goes</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Sranan Tongo</lang>
                          <orth>gansi</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Aukan</lang>
                            <orth>gansi</orth>
                          </form>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Saramaccan</lang>
                            <orth>gánsi</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gans</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>gōs</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>gos, goce, goos, gose, gosse</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>goose</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>guise</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gans</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*gōs</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>?</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Gous</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>goes</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gans</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>gans, cans</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>gans, gas</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Alemannic German</lang>
                        <orth>Gaas, Gants</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Gans</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>Gäns, Gaus</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Vilamovian</lang>
                        <orth>gaons</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>גאַנדז (gandz)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gans</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*gās, *gōs</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>gās, gōs, gūs</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Gans, Goos</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gans</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*gās, *gōs</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>gās, gōs, gūs</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                        <orth>*gösel</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Low German</lang>
                          <orth>Gössel</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>German</lang>
                            <orth>Gössel</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>gás (gȧs)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                    <orth>gą̊s</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>gás</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>gas</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>gás, gæs</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>gås</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>gás (gȧs)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>gās</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scanian</lang>
                      <orth>gás</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>gás (gȧs)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>gās</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>gås</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>gås</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>gás (gȧs)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>gās, ᚵᛆᛋ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>gås</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>*𐌲𐌰𐌽𐍃 (*gans)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Asturian</lang>
                    <orth>gansu</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Galician</lang>
                    <orth>ganso</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Portuguese</lang>
                    <orth>ganso</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Proto-Slavic</lang>
                    <orth>*gǫ̑sь</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Spanish</lang>
                    <orth>ganso</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Latin</lang>
                  <orth>ganta</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Catalan</lang>
                    <orth>ganta</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Latin</lang>
                  <orth>ganta</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old French</lang>
                    <orth>gante, jante</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle French</lang>
                      <orth>jante</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>
