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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *gardaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_gardaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_bsl-x-proto_gardas" xml:lang="bsl-x-proto" type="cognate">
          <orth>*gardas</orth>
          <def>enclosure</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_san_grha" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>गृह</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>gṛhá</orth>
          </form>
          <def>house</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_gardaz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/gardaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>gardaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɣɑr.ðɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚷᚨᚱᛞᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>enclosure</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>court, yard</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="3">
            <def>garden</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European *gʰórdʰos, from *gʰerdʰ- (‘to enclose, encircle’). Cognate with Proto-Balto-Slavic <mentioned xml:lang="bsl-x-proto" target="#cog_bsl-x-proto_gardas"><ref target="#cog_bsl-x-proto_gardas">*gardas</ref></mentioned> (‘enclosure’), Albanian gardh (‘hedge, fence’), Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="san" target="#cog_san_grha"><ref target="#cog_san_grha">गृह</ref></mentioned> (gṛhá, ‘house’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>gardaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>gardōz, gardōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>gardą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>gardanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>gardas, gardis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>gardǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>gardai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>gardamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>gardō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>gardamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>gard</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>gardōz, gardōs</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gard</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>gard</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>gāert</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>gaard</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gard</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>ġeard</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>yerd, yerde, ȝerd, ȝeerd, yeerd, ȝeard, yard, yarde, yorde, ȝarde, yherde, ȝorde, ȝeorde</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>yard</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>yerd, yaird, yird</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gard</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>?</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>?</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gard</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>gart</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>gart</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gard</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>gard</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>gart</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gard</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Vulgar Latin</lang>
                    <orth>*gardus</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Medieval Latin</lang>
                      <orth>hortus gardīnus</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gard</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Vulgar Latin</lang>
                    <orth>*gardus</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old French</lang>
                      <orth>jart, gart, wart</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle French</lang>
                        <orth>gard, gart</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>garðr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>garður</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>garður</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Jamtish</lang>
                    <orth>gaoł</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norn</lang>
                    <orth>gart</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>garðr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle English</lang>
                    <orth>garth</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>English</lang>
                      <orth>garth</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scots</lang>
                      <orth>garthe</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>garðr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Irish</lang>
                    <orth>garrda</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Irish</lang>
                      <orth>garraí</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scottish Gaelic</lang>
                      <orth>gàrradh</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>garðr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Welsh</lang>
                    <orth>garð</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Welsh</lang>
                      <orth>gardd</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>garðr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>gard, gard’e</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>gard</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>garðr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>garth</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>gård</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>gård</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>garðr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>garþer, ᚵᛆᚱᚦᚽᚱ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>gård, gål</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐍃 (gards)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Samic</lang>
                  <orth>*kārtē</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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