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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *gaskaftiz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_gaskaftiz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_gaskaftiz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/gaskaftiz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>gaskaftiz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ɣɑ.ˈskɑɸ.tiz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚷᚨᛊᚲᚨᚠᛏᛁᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">feminine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">i-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>creation</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>creature</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From *gaskapjaną + *-þiz.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>gaskaftiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>gaskaftīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>gaskaftį</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>gaskaftinz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>gaskaftīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>gaskaftijǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>gaskaftī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>gaskaftimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>gaskaftī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>gaskaftimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>gaskafti</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>gaskaftīz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gaskafti</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>giskaft</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gaskafti</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*giscaft</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>gescefte, gesceft, gescefde</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gaskafti</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>ġesċeaft, ġesċæft, ġesċeft</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>ȝescafte, iscefte, ishafte, ishaft</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gaskafti</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>giscaft</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>geschaft, gescheft</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Alemannic German</lang>
                        <orth>Geschäft</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Bavarian</lang>
                        <orth>Gschäft</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Geschäft</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Hunsrik</lang>
                        <orth>Gescheft</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>Geschäft</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Vilamovian</lang>
                        <orth>gysieft</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>געשעפֿט (gesheft)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌺𐌰𐍆𐍄𐍃 (gaskafts)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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