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      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *gaumaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_gaumaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_g_w_hew" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*g⁽ʷ⁾ʰew-</orth>
          <def>to perceive</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_san_ghus" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>घुष्</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>ghuṣ</orth>
          </form>
          <def>sound</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_san_guhati" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>गूहति</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>gūhati</orth>
          </form>
          <def>to hide</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_gaumaz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/gaumaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>gaumaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɣɑu̯.mɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚷᚨᚢᛗᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>heed, attention</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Kroonen reconstructs this word from earlier *gaugmaz (compare *draumaz), and connects it with Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="san" target="#cog_san_guhati"><ref target="#cog_san_guhati">गूहति</ref></mentioned> (gūhati, ‘to hide’) (with analogical -ū-), from Proto-Indo-European *gʰewǵʰ-, *gʷʰewǵʰ-, assuming the original meaning was "to heed, guard".</seg>
            <seg type="p">Alternatively, Mayrhofer connects this word with Proto-Indo-Iranian *gʰáwšas (‘noise, sound’) (whence Persian گوش (gôš, ‘ear’) and Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="san" target="#cog_san_ghus"><ref target="#cog_san_ghus">घुष्</ref></mentioned> (ghuṣ, ‘sound’)), assuming an original form of Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_g_w_hew"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_g_w_hew">*g⁽ʷ⁾ʰew-</ref></mentioned> (‘to perceive’) from which both roots derive.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>gaumaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>gaumōz, gaumōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>gaumą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>gaumanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>gaumas, gaumis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>gaumǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>gaumai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>gaumamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>gaumō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>gaumamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>gaum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>gaumōz, gaumōs</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gaum</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*gōm</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>gôom</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>goom</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gaum</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>*goum, goum</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>goum, gām, goume</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Gaum</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gaum</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*gōm</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>gôm, goum</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                        <orth>gōm</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>gaumr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>geymur, geymi</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>gaumur, gaum</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>gaum, åtgaum</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>gaumr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle English</lang>
                    <orth>gome</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>English</lang>
                      <orth>gaum, gorm</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>gaumr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle English</lang>
                    <orth>gome</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scots</lang>
                      <orth>goam</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>gumption</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>gaum</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>geymur, geymi</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>gaumur, gaum</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>gaum, åtgaum</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>gaum</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle English</lang>
                    <orth>gome</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>English</lang>
                      <orth>gaum, gorm</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>gaum</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle English</lang>
                    <orth>gome</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scots</lang>
                      <orth>goam</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>gumption</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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