<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="en" version="4.12.0">
  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *gauraz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_gauraz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_ghewh" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*ǵʰewH-</orth>
          <def>to call on, invoke</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_san_ghora" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>घोर</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>ghora</orth>
          </form>
          <def>terrible</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_sga_gure" xml:lang="sga" type="cognate">
          <orth>gúre</orth>
          <def>pain, pang</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_sla-x-proto_zuriti" xml:lang="sla-x-proto" type="cognate">
          <orth>*žuriti</orth>
          <def>to rage</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_gauraz" type="adj" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/gauraz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>gauraz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɣɑu̯.rɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚷᚨᚢᚱᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>adj</pos>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>sad, sorrowful</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Pre-Germanic *gʰowro-s, probably from a suffixed form of Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_ghewh"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_ghewh">*ǵʰewH-</ref></mentioned> (‘to call on, invoke’) or from *gʰewro-. Cognate with Old Irish <mentioned xml:lang="sga" target="#cog_sga_gure"><ref target="#cog_sga_gure">gúre</ref></mentioned> (‘pain, pang’), Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="san" target="#cog_san_ghora"><ref target="#cog_san_ghora">घोर</ref></mentioned> (ghora, ‘terrible’), Proto-Slavic <mentioned xml:lang="sla-x-proto" target="#cog_sla-x-proto_zuriti"><ref target="#cog_sla-x-proto_zuriti">*žuriti</ref></mentioned> (‘to rage’), and Lithuanian žiaurùs.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>gauraz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>gaurō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>gaurą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>gaurai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>gaurôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>gaurō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>gauranǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>gaurǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>gaurą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>gauranz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>gaurōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>gaurō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>gauras, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>gauraizōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>gauras, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>gauraizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>gauraizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>gauraizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>gaurammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>gauraizōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>gaurammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>gauraimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>gauraimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>gauraimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>gauranō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>gauraizō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>gauranō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>gauraimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>gauraimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>gauraimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>gaurô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>gaurǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>gaurô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>gauraniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>gaurōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>gaurōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>gauranų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>gaurōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>gaurô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>gauranunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>gaurōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>gaurōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>gauriniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>gaurōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>gauriniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>gauranǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>gaurōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>gauranǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>gaurini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>gaurōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>gaurini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>gaurammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>gaurōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>gaurammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>gaurinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>gaurōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>gaurinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>gaurammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>gaurōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>gaurammiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gaur</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                    <orth>*gaurag</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gaur</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*gōr</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>*gōr</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>gor</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌲𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃 (gaurs)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>
