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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *gawahwaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_gawahwaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_wekw" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*wekʷ-</orth>
          <def>to speak</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_gawahwana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/gawahwaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>gawahwaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ɣɑ.ˈwɑ.xʷɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚷᚨᚹᚨᚺᚹᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 6</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to say; notify; remind</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From *ga- + *wahwaną, from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_wekw"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_wekw">*wekʷ-</ref></mentioned> (‘to speak’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>gawahwō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>gawahwaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>gawahwai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>gawahwizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>gawahwaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>gawahw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>gawahwazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>gawahwaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>gawahwidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>gawahwai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>gawahwadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>gawahwadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>gawahwaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>gawahwōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>gawahwaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>gawahwadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>gawahwaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>gawahwadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>gawahwamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>gawahwaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>gawahwandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>gawahwaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>gawahwid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>gawahwaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>gawahwid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>gawahwandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>gawahwaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>gawahwandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>gawahwain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>gawahwandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>gawahwandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>gawahwaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>gawōhw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>gawōwį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>gawōht</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>gawōwīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>gawōhw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>gawōwī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>gawōgū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>gawōwīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>gawōgudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>gawōwīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>gawōgum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>gawōwīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>gawōgud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>gawōwīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>gawōgun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>gawōwīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>gawahwandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>gawawanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>gawahwaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gawahwan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*giwān</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>gewāgen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>gewagen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>gewaag</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gawahwan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>giwahan, giwahanen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>gewahen, gewähenen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>gewähnen, erwähnen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                          <orth>ärwääne</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gawahwan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*giwahan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>*gewahen, gewagen, wāgen, *wahwaną</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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