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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *gawissaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_gawissaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_gawissaz" type="adj" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/gawissaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>gawissaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ɣɑ.ˈwis.sɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚷᚨᚹᛁᛊᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>adj</pos>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>certain, sure</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>known</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From *ga- + *wissaz (Past participle of *witaną).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>gawissaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>gawissō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>gawissą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>gawissai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>gawissôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>gawissō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>gawissanǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>gawissǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>gawissą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>gawissanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>gawissōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>gawissō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>gawissas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>gawissaizōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>gawissas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>gawissaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>gawissaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>gawissaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>gawissammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>gawissaizōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>gawissammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>gawissaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>gawissaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>gawissaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>gawissanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>gawissaizō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>gawissanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>gawissaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>gawissaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>gawissaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>gawissô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>gawissǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>gawissô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>gawissaniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>gawissōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>gawissōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>gawissanų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>gawissōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>gawissô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>gawissanunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>gawissōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>gawissōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>gawissiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>gawissōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>gawissiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>gawissanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>gawissōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>gawissanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>gawissini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>gawissōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>gawissini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>gawissammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>gawissōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>gawissammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>gawissinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>gawissōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>gawissinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>gawissammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>gawissōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>gawissammiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gawiss</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>giwis</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>gewis, gewes</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>gewis</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>gewis</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Negerhollands</lang>
                          <orth>gewis</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gawiss</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>ġewiss, ġewis</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>ywis, iwis, wis, wiss</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>iwis, wis</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>iwis</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gawiss</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>giwis</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>gewis, wis</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>געוויס (gevis)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gawiss</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>giwis</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>gewis, wis</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>gewiss</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                          <orth>gewis</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gawiss</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>giwis, giwiss</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>gewis</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>gewiss</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Polish</lang>
                          <orth>gweśny</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gawiss</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>giwis, giwiss</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>gewis</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>gewiss</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Kashubian</lang>
                          <orth>gwës</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Kashubian</lang>
                            <orth>gwësny</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>viss</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>vissur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>viss</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>viss, viss’e, viss’u, vess, vis</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>viss</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>vis</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>viss</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>viss</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>viss, vis</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>viss</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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