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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *gawjaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_gawjaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_gheh2w" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*ǵʰeh₂w-</orth>
          <def>to gape, yawn</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_ghewh" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*ǵʰewH-</orth>
          <def>to call on, invoke</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lit_gomurys" xml:lang="lit" type="cognate">
          <orth>gomurỹs</orth>
          <def>palate</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_sla-x-proto_z_vati" xml:lang="sla-x-proto" type="cognate">
          <orth>*zъvati</orth>
          <def>to call</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_gawjana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/gawjaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>gawjaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɣɑu̯.jɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚷᚨᚹᛃᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Weak class 1</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to bark</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>to shout, scream, or yell at</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Unclear. Possibly from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_ghewh"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_ghewh">*ǵʰewH-</ref></mentioned> (‘to call, invoke’), related to Proto-Slavic <mentioned xml:lang="sla-x-proto" target="#cog_sla-x-proto_z_vati"><ref target="#cog_sla-x-proto_z_vati">*zъvati</ref></mentioned> (‘to call’).</seg>
            <seg type="p">Or from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_gheh2w"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_gheh2w">*ǵʰeh₂w-</ref></mentioned> (‘to gape, yawn’), related to Lithuanian <mentioned xml:lang="lit" target="#cog_lit_gomurys"><ref target="#cog_lit_gomurys">gomurỹs</ref></mentioned> (‘palate’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>gawjō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>gawjaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>gawjai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>gawisi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>gawjais</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>gawi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>gawjasai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>gawjaisau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>gawiþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>gawjai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>gawjaþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>gawjaþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>gawjaiþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>gawjōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>gawjaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>gawjaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>gawjaiþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>gawjaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>gawjamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>gawjaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>gawjanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>gawjainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>gawiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>gawjaiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>gawiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>gawjanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>gawjainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>gawjanþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>gawjain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>gawjanþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>gawjanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>gawjainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>gōw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>gōwį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>gōwt</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>gōwīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>gōw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>gōwī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>gōwū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>gōwīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>gōwudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>gōwīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>gōwum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>gōwīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>gōwud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>gōwīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>gōwun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>gōwīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>gawjandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>gawanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>gawjaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gauwjan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>ġēġan, ġēn, ġǣn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>ȝeȝen, ȝeiȝen, ȝeien, yeyen</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gauwjan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*gēia</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>geie</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gauwjan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>*gouwezzen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>*gouezen, *gouzen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>gauzen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gauijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>ġēġan, ġēn, ġǣn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>ȝeȝen, ȝeiȝen, ȝeien, yeyen</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gauijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*gēia</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>geie</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gauijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>*gouwezzen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>*gouezen, *gouzen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>gauzen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>geyja</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>gø</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>goyggja</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>geyja</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                    <orth>gjø</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>gøy</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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