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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *gebaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_gebaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_h1ep" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*h₁ep-</orth>
          <def>to seize</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lav_gabties" xml:lang="lav" type="cognate">
          <orth>gãbtiês</orth>
          <def>to snatch, grab, seize</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lit_id" xml:lang="lit" type="cognate">
          <orth>góbti</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>id.</orth>
          </form>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_san_gabhasti" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>गभस्ति</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>gábhasti</orth>
          </form>
          <def>arm, hand</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_sla-x-proto_gabati" xml:lang="sla-x-proto" type="cognate">
          <orth>*gabati</orth>
          <def>to seize, take</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_gebana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/gebaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>gebaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɣe.βɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚷᛖᛒᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 5</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to give (with dative object)</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European *gʰebʰ-e-ti, from *gʰebʰ- (‘to give, move’) (traditionally *gʰabʰ-). Cognate with Latvian <mentioned xml:lang="lav" target="#cog_lav_gabties"><ref target="#cog_lav_gabties">gãbtiês</ref></mentioned> (‘to snatch, grab, seize’), Lithuanian <mentioned xml:lang="lit" target="#cog_lit_id"><ref target="#cog_lit_id">góbti</ref></mentioned> (id.), Proto-Slavic <mentioned xml:lang="sla-x-proto" target="#cog_sla-x-proto_gabati"><ref target="#cog_sla-x-proto_gabati">*gabati</ref></mentioned> (‘to seize, take’) and Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="san" target="#cog_san_gabhasti"><ref target="#cog_san_gabhasti">गभस्ति</ref></mentioned> (gábhasti, ‘arm, hand’).</seg>
            <seg type="p">However, some Leiden scholars reject the existence of *gʰebʰ- without a laryngeal, reconstructing it as *gʰeHbʰ-, and therefore reject the appurtenance of Germanic *geb-. Kortlandt proposes to connect Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h1ep"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h1ep">*h₁ep-</ref></mentioned> (‘to seize’) and assumes it was prefixed in Proto-Germanic with *ga-; this is supported by Kroonen.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>gebō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>gebaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>gebai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>gibizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>gebaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>geb</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>gebazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>gebaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>gibidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>gebai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>gebadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>gebadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>gebaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>gebōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>gebaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>gebadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>gebaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>gebadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>gebamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>gebaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>gebandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>gebaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>gibid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>gebaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>gibid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>gebandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>gebaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>gebandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>gebain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>gebandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>gebandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>gebaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>gab</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>gēbį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>gaft</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>gēbīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>gab</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>gēbī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>gēbū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>gēbīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>gēbudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>gēbīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>gēbum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>gēbīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>gēbud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>gēbīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>gēbun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>gēbīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>gebandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>gebanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>gebaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*geban</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>gevan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>gēven</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>gaeve</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*geban</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>gevan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>gēven</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>geven</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>gee</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Javindo</lang>
                          <orth>heef</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Jersey Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>xêve</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Negerhollands</lang>
                          <orth>gie, gi, giev, gief</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Skepi Creole Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>gef</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*geban</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>ġiefan, ġifan, ġyfan, ġefan, ġeofan, ġiofan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>given, gifen, geven</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>give, gie, gi'</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>gie, geve, gewe, gif, gyf, gefe</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yola</lang>
                        <orth>gee</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*geban</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>ġiefan, ġifan, ġyfan, ġefan, ġeofan, ġiofan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>yiven, ȝeven, ȝiven, yeven</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>yive, yeve</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yola</lang>
                        <orth>yie, ye, yive</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*geban</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>jeva</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>jiw</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>jaan</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*geban</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>geban, keban, kepan, gevan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>gëben, gegëben, gēn, këben, gëven</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Alemannic German</lang>
                        <orth>gë, gua, gää, gea</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Bavarian</lang>
                        <orth>gebn</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Central Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>jevve, jenn, gewe, gewwe, genn</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>East Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>geb, gebe, gewe</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>geben</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Rhine Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>?</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Vilamovian</lang>
                        <orth>gaon, gann</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>געבן (gebn)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*geban</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>gevan, geƀan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>geven</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>geven, gewen, giäwen, giewen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ᚷᛁᛒᚢ (gibu)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>gefa, ᚴᛅᚠ (kaf), ᚴᛅᚠᚢ (kafu)</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                      <orth>djävå</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Faroese</lang>
                      <orth>geva</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                      <orth>giva, gi</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                      <orth>gefa</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                      <orth>gjeva, gjeve, gje, giva, gjåvå</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ᚷᛁᛒᚢ (gibu)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>gefa, ᚴᛅᚠ (kaf), ᚴᛅᚠᚢ (kafu)</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>give</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>gi, give</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                          <orth>gi</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ᚷᛁᛒᚢ (gibu)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>gefa, ᚴᛅᚠ (kaf), ᚴᛅᚠᚢ (kafu)</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>given</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>give</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>gie, geve, gewe, gif, gyf, gefe</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ᚷᛁᛒᚢ (gibu)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>gefa, ᚴᛅᚠ (kaf), ᚴᛅᚠᚢ (kafu)</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>giva, gæva, giffua, giffwa</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Swedish</lang>
                        <orth>giva</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ᚷᛁᛒᚢ (gibu)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>gefa, ᚴᛅᚠ (kaf), ᚴᛅᚠᚢ (kafu)</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scanian</lang>
                      <orth>gi</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Hallandian</lang>
                        <orth>ge</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ᚷᛡᚠ (gᴀf)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>gefa, ᚴᛅᚠ (kaf), ᚴᛅᚠᚢ (kafu)</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                      <orth>djävå</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Faroese</lang>
                      <orth>geva</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                      <orth>giva, gi</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                      <orth>gefa</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                      <orth>gjeva, gjeve, gje, giva, gjåvå</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ᚷᛡᚠ (gᴀf)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>gefa, ᚴᛅᚠ (kaf), ᚴᛅᚠᚢ (kafu)</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>give</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>gi, give</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                          <orth>gi</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ᚷᛡᚠ (gᴀf)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>gefa, ᚴᛅᚠ (kaf), ᚴᛅᚠᚢ (kafu)</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>given</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>give</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>gie, geve, gewe, gif, gyf, gefe</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ᚷᛡᚠ (gᴀf)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>gefa, ᚴᛅᚠ (kaf), ᚴᛅᚠᚢ (kafu)</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>giva, gæva, giffua, giffwa</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Swedish</lang>
                        <orth>giva</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ᚷᛡᚠ (gᴀf)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>gefa, ᚴᛅᚠ (kaf), ᚴᛅᚠᚢ (kafu)</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scanian</lang>
                      <orth>gi</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Hallandian</lang>
                        <orth>ge</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌲𐌹𐌱𐌰𐌽 (giban)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>
