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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *geldaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_geldaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_chu_zlesti" xml:lang="chu" type="cognate">
          <orth>жлѣсти</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>žlěsti</orth>
          </form>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_sga_gell" xml:lang="sga" type="cognate">
          <orth>gell</orth>
          <def>pledge</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_geldana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/geldaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>geldaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɣel.dɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚷᛖᛚᛞᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 3</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to pay</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>to have/give value</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Akin to Proto-Slavic *želsti (attested only in Old Church Slavonic <mentioned xml:lang="chu" target="#cog_chu_zlesti"><ref target="#cog_chu_zlesti">жлѣсти</ref></mentioned> (žlěsti) and Old East Slavic желести (želesti)). If not an early borrowing from Germanic, these may be from common Proto-Indo-European *gʰeldʰ-. Old Irish <mentioned xml:lang="sga" target="#cog_sga_gell"><ref target="#cog_sga_gell">gell</ref></mentioned> (‘pledge’) may also continue the same root. On the other hand, the pre-Germanic root may need to be *gʰelt- (&gt; *gelþ-) in order to explain Old Swedish gjalla (‘to repay’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>geldō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>geldaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>geldai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>gildizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>geldaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>geld</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>geldazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>geldaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>gildidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>geldai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>geldadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>geldadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>geldaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>geldōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>geldaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>geldadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>geldaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>geldadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>geldamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>geldaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>geldandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>geldaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>gildid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>geldaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>gildid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>geldandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>geldaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>geldandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>geldain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>geldandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>geldandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>geldaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>gald</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>guldį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>galst</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>guldīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>gald</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>guldī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>guldū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>guldīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>guldudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>guldīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>guldum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>guldīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>guldud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>guldīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>guldun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>guldīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>geldandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>guldanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>geldaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*geldan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*geldan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>gelden</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>gelden</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>gèlje</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*geldan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>ġieldan, ġildan, ġyldan, ġeldan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>yelden, yielden</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>yield</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>ȝeld, yeild, yield</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*geldan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>ielda, jelda</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>jilde</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>jeelde</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>jilde</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*geldan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>geltan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>gëlten</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Cimbrian</lang>
                        <orth>ghèltan</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>gelten</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>gëllen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*geldan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>geldan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>gelden</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>gellen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>gjalda</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>gjalda</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>gjalda</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                    <orth>gjelde</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>gjelda, galda, gjedla, gjelja</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>gjalda</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>gialdæ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>gælde</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>gjalda</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>giælda, gialda, giælla, gælla</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>gälla, gälda</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>*𐌲𐌹𐌻𐌳𐌰𐌽 (*gildan)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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