<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="en" version="4.12.0">
  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *gellaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_gellaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_ghel" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*gʰel-</orth>
          <def>to shout, cry</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_gellana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/gellaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>gellaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɣel.lɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚷᛖᛚᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 3</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to shout, to yell</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_ghel"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_ghel">*gʰel-</ref></mentioned> (‘to shout’), possibly with contamination from a marginally attested iterative *gullōną, although Kroonen suggests the strong verb was back-formed to the iterative.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>gellō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>gellaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>gellai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>gillizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>gellaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>gell</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>gellazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>gellaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>gillidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>gellai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>gelladau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>gelladai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>gellaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>gellōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>gellaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>gelladiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>gellaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>gelladiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>gellamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>gellaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>gellandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>gellaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>gillid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>gellaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>gillid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>gellandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>gellaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>gellandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>gellain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>gellandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>gellandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>gellaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>gall</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>gullį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>gallt</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>gullīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>gall</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>gullī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>gullū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>gullīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>gulludiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>gullīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>gullum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>gullīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>gullud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>gullīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>gullun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>gullīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>gellandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>gullanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>gellaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old English</lang>
                  <orth>ġiellan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle English</lang>
                    <orth>yellen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>English</lang>
                      <orth>yell</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                  <orth>*gellan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                    <orth>gellen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>German Low German</lang>
                      <orth>gielen</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                  <orth>*gellan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>gellen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>gillen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                        <orth>gil</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old High German</lang>
                  <orth>gellan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                    <orth>gellen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>German</lang>
                      <orth>gellen</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>gella</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>gjalla</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>gella, gjalla</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                    <orth>gjalle</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>gjalla, gjella</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>gella</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>gællæ, *giallæ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>gjalde</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>gella</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>gælla</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>gälla, gäll</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>gjalla</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>gjalla</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>gella, gjalla</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                    <orth>gjalle</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>gjalla, gjella</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>gjalla</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>gællæ, *giallæ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>gjalde</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>gjalla</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>gælla</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>gälla, gäll</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>
