<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="en" version="4.12.0">
  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *gelwaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_gelwaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_ghelh3_wo_s" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*ǵʰelh₃-wó-s</orth>
          <def>yellow</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_helvus" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>helvus</orth>
          <def>light-yellow</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_gelwaz" type="adj" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/gelwaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>gelwaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɣel.wɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚷᛖᛚᚹᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>adj</pos>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>yellow</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_ghelh3_wo_s"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_ghelh3_wo_s">*ǵʰelh₃-wó-s</ref></mentioned> (‘yellow’), from *ǵʰelh₃- (‘green, yellow’) + *-wós. Cognate with Latin <mentioned xml:lang="lat" target="#cog_lat_helvus"><ref target="#cog_lat_helvus">helvus</ref></mentioned> (‘light-yellow’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>gelwaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>gelwō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>gelwą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>gelwai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>gelwôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>gelwō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>gelwanǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>gelwǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>gelwą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>gelwanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>gelwōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>gelwō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>gelwas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>gelwaizōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>gelwas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>gelwaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>gelwaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>gelwaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>gelwammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>gelwaizōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>gelwammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>gelwaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>gelwaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>gelwaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>gelwanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>gelwaizō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>gelwanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>gelwaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>gelwaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>gelwaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>gelwô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>gelwǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>gelwô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>gelwaniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>gelwōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>gelwōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>gelwanų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>gelwōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>gelwô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>gelwanunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>gelwōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>gelwōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>gelwiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>gelwōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>gelwiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>gelwanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>gelwōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>gelwanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>gelwini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>gelwōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>gelwini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>gelwammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>gelwōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>gelwammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>gelwinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>gelwōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>gelwinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>gelwammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>gelwōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>gelwammiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gelu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*gelo</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>gelu, geluw, gēle</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>geel</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>gael</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gelu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>ġeolu</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>ȝelwe, ȝalow, yelow</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>yellow, yeller, yallow, yaller, yullow</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>yella, yelly, yallow</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gelu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*jele</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>?</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>jeel</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>giel</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gelu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>gelo</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>gël</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Central Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>gäl, jäl, jell</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Cimbrian</lang>
                        <orth>gel, ghéel</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>gelb, gehl</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>giel</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Pennsylvania German</lang>
                        <orth>gehl</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Vilamovian</lang>
                        <orth>gaoł</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>געל (gel), געלב (gelb)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gelu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>gelo</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>gël</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Alemannic German</lang>
                        <orth>?</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Alsatian</lang>
                          <orth>gahl, gäl</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gelu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>gelo, gelu</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>gēl</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                        <orth>jäl</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gelu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>gelo, gelu</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>gēl</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>?</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Dutch Low Saxon</lang>
                          <orth>gael, gel</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>German Low German</lang>
                          <orth>gel, geel, gęl, gäl</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Westphalian</lang>
                          <orth>?</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gulþą</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Crimean Gothic</lang>
                    <orth>goltz</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Gothic</lang>
                    <orth>𐌲𐌿𐌻𐌸 (gulþ)</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Proto-Finnic</lang>
                    <orth>*kulta</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Proto-Samic</lang>
                    <orth>*kollē</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gulþą</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>gull, goll</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Faroese</lang>
                      <orth>gull</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                      <orth>gull</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                      <orth>gull</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                      <orth>gull</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gulþą</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>gull, goll</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                      <orth>?</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Danish</lang>
                        <orth>guld</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Greenlandic</lang>
                          <orth>kuulti</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                          <orth>gull</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gulþą</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>gull, goll</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>gull</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Swedish</lang>
                        <orth>gull, guld</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gulþą</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                    <orth>*golþ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>golt, gold</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>gout</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                          <orth>góldj</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gulþą</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                    <orth>*golþ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>golt, gold</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>gout</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>goud</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                            <orth>goud</orth>
                          </form>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Berbice Creole Dutch</lang>
                            <orth>gautu</orth>
                          </form>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Negerhollands</lang>
                            <orth>gaut, goud, gout</orth>
                          </form>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Skepi Creole Dutch</lang>
                            <orth>gaut</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gulþą</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                    <orth>*golþ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>golt, gold</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>gout</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>goud</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Sranan Tongo</lang>
                            <orth>gowtu</orth>
                            <form type="descendant">
                              <lang>Caribbean Javanese</lang>
                              <orth>gautu</orth>
                            </form>
                            <form type="descendant">
                              <lang>Saramaccan</lang>
                              <orth>góútu</orth>
                            </form>
                            <form type="descendant">
                              <lang>Trió</lang>
                              <orth>koutu</orth>
                            </form>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gulþą</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                    <orth>*golþ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old English</lang>
                      <orth>gold</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle English</lang>
                        <orth>gold</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>English</lang>
                          <orth>gold, gowd, goath, gould</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Scots</lang>
                          <orth>gooth, gowth, gowd, goold</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gulþą</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                    <orth>*golþ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>gold</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                        <orth>?</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                        <orth>Gould</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                        <orth>goud</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gulþą</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                    <orth>*golþ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old High German</lang>
                      <orth>gold, cold</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                        <orth>golt</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Alemannic German</lang>
                          <orth>Gold</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Bavarian</lang>
                          <orth>Goid, Golt</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Central Franconian</lang>
                          <orth>?</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>East Central German</lang>
                          <orth>?</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>East Franconian</lang>
                          <orth>?</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>German</lang>
                          <orth>Gold</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Rhine Franconian</lang>
                          <orth>Gold</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                          <orth>גאָלד (gold)</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gulþą</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                    <orth>*golþ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                      <orth>gold</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                        <orth>golt</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                          <orth>Golt</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gulþą</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                    <orth>*golþ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                      <orth>gold</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                        <orth>golt</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Low German</lang>
                          <orth>Gold</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>German Low German</lang>
                            <orth>Goolt, Guld, Gold</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>
