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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *gernaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_gernaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_khairo" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>χαίρω</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>khaírō</orth>
          </form>
          <def>to be very glad</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_horior" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>horior</orth>
          <def>to encourage</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_san_haryati" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>हर्यति</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>háryati</orth>
          </form>
          <def>to enjoy, like</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_gernaz" type="adj" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/gernaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>gernaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɣer.nɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚷᛖᚱᚾᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>adj</pos>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>eager, willing</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰerH-no-s, from *ǵʰerH- (‘to yearn for, rejoice’). Cognate with Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_khairo"><ref target="#cog_grc_khairo">χαίρω</ref></mentioned> (khaírō, ‘to be very glad’), Latin <mentioned xml:lang="lat" target="#cog_lat_horior"><ref target="#cog_lat_horior">horior</ref></mentioned> (‘to encourage’), Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="san" target="#cog_san_haryati"><ref target="#cog_san_haryati">हर्यति</ref></mentioned> (háryati, ‘to enjoy, like’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>gernaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>gernō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>gerną, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>gernai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>gernôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>gernō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>gernanǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>gernǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>gerną, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>gernanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>gernōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>gernō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>gernas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>gernaizōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>gernas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>gernaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>gernaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>gernaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>gernammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>gernaizōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>gernammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>gernaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>gernaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>gernaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>gernanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>gernaizō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>gernanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>gernaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>gernaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>gernaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>gernô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>gernǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>gernô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>gernaniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>gernōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>gernōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>gernanų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>gernōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>gernô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>gernanunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>gernōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>gernōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>gerniniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>gernōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>gerniniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>gernanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>gernōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>gernanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>gernini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>gernōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>gernini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>gernammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>gernōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>gernammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>gerninē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>gernōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>gerninē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>gernammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>gernōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>gernammiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gern</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>gern</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gern</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>ġeorn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>ȝeorn, yern</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>yern</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gern</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>gern, gërni</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>gërn, gërne</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>gjarn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>gjarnur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>gjarn</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>giærn</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>*𐌲𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌽𐍃 (*gairns)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Finnic</lang>
                  <orth>*kërnas</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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