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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *giftiz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_giftiz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_giftiz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/giftiz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>giftiz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɣiɸ.tiz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚷᛁᚠᛏᛁᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">feminine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">i-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>giving, gift</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From *gebaną + *-þiz.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>giftiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>giftīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>giftį</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>giftinz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>giftīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>giftijǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>giftī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>giftimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>giftī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>giftimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>gifti</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>giftīz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gifti</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*gift</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>gicht, ghift, gifte</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>gift, gif</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>gif</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Negerhollands</lang>
                          <orth>gift</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gifti</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>ġift</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>yifte, ȝift, gift</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>gift, yift</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>gyft, gift</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yola</lang>
                        <orth>giftes</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gifti</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>jeft</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>jefte</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gifti</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>gift</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>gift</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Gift</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>Gëft</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Vilamovian</lang>
                        <orth>gejft</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>גיפֿט (gift)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gifti</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*gift</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>gifte</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Gift, Gifte</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                        <orth>Gift</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>gipt</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>gift</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>gift</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>gipt</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle English</lang>
                    <orth>gift</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>English</lang>
                      <orth>gift</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scots</lang>
                      <orth>gift, gyft</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>gipt</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>gift</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>gift</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>gipt</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>gipt</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>gift</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>*𐌲𐌹𐍆𐍄𐍃 (*gifts)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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