<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="en" version="4.12.0">
  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *ginnaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_ginnaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_cel-x-proto_kentus" xml:lang="cel-x-proto" type="cognate">
          <orth>*kentus</orth>
          <def>first</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_ghed_x2" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*gʰed-</orth>
          <def>to take</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_ken" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*ken-</orth>
          <def>to arise, begin</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_sla-x-proto_naceti" xml:lang="sla-x-proto" type="cognate">
          <orth>*načęti</orth>
          <def>to begin</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_ginnana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/ginnaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>ginnaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɣin.nɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚷᛁᚾᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 3</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to begin</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>to make an opening, to cut open</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Unclear, the root has often been traced to Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_ghed_x2"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_ghed_x2">*gʰed-</ref></mentioned> (‘to take’), e.g. by LIV. Kroonen and Scheungraber take it to be from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_ken"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_ken">*ken-</ref></mentioned> (‘to arise, begin’), with the prefix inducing voicing by Verner's law. Cognates would then include Proto-Slavic <mentioned xml:lang="sla-x-proto" target="#cog_sla-x-proto_naceti"><ref target="#cog_sla-x-proto_naceti">*načęti</ref></mentioned> (‘to begin’) and Proto-Celtic <mentioned xml:lang="cel-x-proto" target="#cog_cel-x-proto_kentus"><ref target="#cog_cel-x-proto_kentus">*kentus</ref></mentioned> (‘first’). If the meaning 'to cut open' is original, the verb could be related to *gīnaną (‘to gape, to yawn’) from Proto-Indo-European *gʰh₂ey-.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>ginnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>ginnaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>ginnai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>ginnizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>ginnaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>ginn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>ginnazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>ginnaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>ginnidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>ginnai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>ginnadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>ginnadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>ginnaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>ginnōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>ginnaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>ginnadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>ginnaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>ginnadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>ginnamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>ginnaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>ginnandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>ginnaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>ginnid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>ginnaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>ginnid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>ginnandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>ginnaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>ginnandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>ginnain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>ginnandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>ginnandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>ginnaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>gann</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>gunnį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>gannt</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>gunnīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>gann</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>gunnī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>gunnū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>gunnīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>gunnudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>gunnīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>gunnum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>gunnīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>gunnud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>gunnīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>gunnun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>gunnīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>ginnandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>gunnanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>ginnaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*anaginnan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>*anaginnan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>aneginnen</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*andaginnan</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*biginnan</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gaginnan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>giginnan</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gaginnan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*gaginnan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>geginnen</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*inginnan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>inginnan</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*undarginnan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>underginnan</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*uʀginnan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>āginnan</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>āginnan</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌳𐌿𐌲𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌽 (duginnan)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>
