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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *glasą</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_glasą</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_glasa" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/glasą">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>glasą</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɣlɑ.sɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚷᛚᚨᛊᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">neuter</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>amber, glass</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Traditionally derived by Pokorny from an s-extension of Proto-Indo-European *gʰel-, *ǵʰel- (‘to shine, shimmer, glow’). Kroonen prefers to derive the term from an s-stem of *glōaną (‘to glow’), which is likely ultimately from the same root.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>glasą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>glazō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>glasą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>glazō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>glasas, glasis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>glazǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>glasai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>glazamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>glasō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>glazamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>glasą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>glazō</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*glas</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>glas</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>glas</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>glaas</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*glas</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>glas</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>glas</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>glas</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>glas</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Berbice Creole Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>glasi</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Caribbean Hindustani</lang>
                          <orth>gilás</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Caribbean Javanese</lang>
                          <orth>gelas</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Indonesian</lang>
                          <orth>gelas</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Japanese</lang>
                          <orth>ガラス (garasu)</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Negerhollands</lang>
                          <orth>glas</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Papiamentu</lang>
                          <orth>glas</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*glas</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>glas</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>glas</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>glas</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Sranan Tongo</lang>
                          <orth>grasi</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <orth>Kari'na: kalasi</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*glas</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>glæs</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>glas, glace, glasce, glass, glasse</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>glass</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>gless, glass</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*glas</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>gles</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Glääs</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>glês</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*glas</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>glas, clas, clases</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>glas</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Alemannic German</lang>
                        <orth>Glas, Glaas</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Bavarian</lang>
                        <orth>?</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Central Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>Jlas</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Glas</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>Glas</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Pennsylvania German</lang>
                        <orth>Glaas</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Vilamovian</lang>
                        <orth>głoos</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>גלאָז (gloz)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*glas</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>glas</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>glas</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Glas</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                        <orth>Glauss</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*glas</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>glas</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>glas</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                        <orth>*glas</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Faroese</lang>
                          <orth>glas</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Finnish</lang>
                          <orth>lasi</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                          <orth>glass</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                          <orth>glas</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                          <orth>glaskeri</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*glas</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>glas</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>glas</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                        <orth>*glas</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                          <orth>glas</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Danish</lang>
                            <orth>glas</orth>
                            <form type="descendant">
                              <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                              <orth>glas</orth>
                            </form>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*glas</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>glas</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>glas</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                        <orth>*glas</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                          <orth>glas</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Swedish</lang>
                            <orth>glas</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*glaʀ</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>glas</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>glas</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>glaas</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*glaʀ</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>glas</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>glas</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>glas</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>glas</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Berbice Creole Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>glasi</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Caribbean Hindustani</lang>
                          <orth>gilás</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Caribbean Javanese</lang>
                          <orth>gelas</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Indonesian</lang>
                          <orth>gelas</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Japanese</lang>
                          <orth>ガラス (garasu)</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Negerhollands</lang>
                          <orth>glas</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Papiamentu</lang>
                          <orth>glas</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*glaʀ</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>glas</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>glas</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>glas</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Sranan Tongo</lang>
                          <orth>grasi</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <orth>Kari'na: kalasi</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*glaʀ</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>glæs</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>glas, glace, glasce, glass, glasse</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>glass</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>gless, glass</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*glaʀ</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>gles</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Glääs</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>glês</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*glaʀ</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>glas, clas, clases</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>glas</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Alemannic German</lang>
                        <orth>Glas, Glaas</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Bavarian</lang>
                        <orth>?</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Central Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>Jlas</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Glas</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>Glas</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Pennsylvania German</lang>
                        <orth>Glaas</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Vilamovian</lang>
                        <orth>głoos</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>גלאָז (gloz)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*glaʀ</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>glas</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>glas</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Glas</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                        <orth>Glauss</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*glaʀ</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>glas</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>glas</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                        <orth>*glas</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Faroese</lang>
                          <orth>glas</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Finnish</lang>
                          <orth>lasi</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                          <orth>glass</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                          <orth>glas</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                          <orth>glaskeri</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*glaʀ</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>glas</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>glas</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                        <orth>*glas</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                          <orth>glas</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Danish</lang>
                            <orth>glas</orth>
                            <form type="descendant">
                              <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                              <orth>glas</orth>
                            </form>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*glaʀ</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>glas</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>glas</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                        <orth>*glas</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                          <orth>glas</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Swedish</lang>
                            <orth>glas</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>gler</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>gler</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>gler</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>glar</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>gler</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>gler, glar, glaar</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>glar</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>glar</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Latin</lang>
                  <orth>glaesum</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Latin</lang>
                  <orth>glēsum</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>
