<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="en" version="4.12.0">
  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *gnaganą</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_gnaganą</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_ghen" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*gʰen-</orth>
          <def>to gnaw, grate, scrate, whit</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_ghnegh" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*gʰnēgʰ-</orth>
          <def>to gnaw, scratch</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_gnagana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/gnaganą">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>gnaganą</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɣnɑ.ɣɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚷᚾᚨᚷᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 6</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to gnaw</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Probably onomatopoeic; or from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_ghnegh"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_ghnegh">*gʰnēgʰ-</ref></mentioned> (‘to gnaw, scratch’), from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_ghen"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_ghen">*gʰen-</ref></mentioned> (‘to gnaw, grate, scrate, whit’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>gnagō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>gnagaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>gnagai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>gnagizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>gnagaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>gnag</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>gnagazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>gnagaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>gnagidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>gnagai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>gnagadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>gnagadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>gnagaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>gnagōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>gnagaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>gnagadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>gnagaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>gnagadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>gnagamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>gnagaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>gnagandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>gnagaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>gnagid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>gnagaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>gnagid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>gnagandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>gnagaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>gnagandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>gnagain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>gnagandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>gnagandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>gnagaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>gnōg</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>gnōgį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>gnōht</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>gnōgīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>gnōg</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>gnōgī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>gnōgū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>gnōgīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>gnōgudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>gnōgīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>gnōgum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>gnōgīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>gnōgud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>gnōgīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>gnōgun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>gnōgīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>gnagandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>gnaganaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>gnaganą</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gnagan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*gnagan, *cnagan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>cnagen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>knagen, knauwen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>knaag, knae</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gnagan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>gnagan, *cnagan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>gnaȝen, gnawen, knawen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>gnaw, knaw</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>gnaw, knaw</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gnagan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*gnaga</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>gnaue, gnauje, gnauelje</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>gnauwe</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gnagan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>gnagan, knagan, nagan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>nagen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>nagen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gnagan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>knagan, gnagan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>gnāgen, knāgen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>gnagen, gnauen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                        <orth>gnoagen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*knagan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*gnagan, *cnagan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>cnagen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>knagen, knauwen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>knaag, knae</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*knagan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>gnagan, *cnagan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>gnaȝen, gnawen, knawen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>gnaw, knaw</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>gnaw, knaw</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*knagan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*gnaga</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>gnaue, gnauje, gnauelje</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>gnauwe</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*knagan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>gnagan, knagan, nagan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>nagen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>nagen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*knagan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>knagan, gnagan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>gnāgen, knāgen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>gnagen, gnauen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                        <orth>gnoagen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>gnaga</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                    <orth>gnågå</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>gnaga, naga</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>gnage</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>naga</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norn</lang>
                    <orth>nava</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>gnaga</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>gnave, nage</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>gnave</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>gnaga</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle English</lang>
                    <orth>*gnagen, *gnaggen, *naggen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>English</lang>
                      <orth>gnag, knag, nag</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>gnaga</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>gnaga, knaga, naga, gnågå</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scots</lang>
                      <orth>nag, knag, kneggum</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>gnaga</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>gnaga, knaga, naga, gnågå</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>gnage</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>gnage</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>gnaga</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>gnagha</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>gnaga</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>naga</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                    <orth>gnågå</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>gnaga, naga</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>gnage</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>naga</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norn</lang>
                    <orth>nava</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>naga</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>gnave, nage</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>gnave</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>naga</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle English</lang>
                    <orth>*gnagen, *gnaggen, *naggen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>English</lang>
                      <orth>gnag, knag, nag</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>naga</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>gnaga, knaga, naga, gnågå</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scots</lang>
                      <orth>nag, knag, kneggum</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>naga</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>gnaga, knaga, naga, gnågå</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>gnage</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>gnage</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>naga</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>gnagha</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>gnaga</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>
