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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *gnīdaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_gnīdaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_ghneydh" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*gʰneydʰ-</orth>
          <def>to rub</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_gnidana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/gnīdaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>gnīdaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɣniː.ðɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚷᚾᛁᛞᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 1</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to rub, to grind</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_ghneydh"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_ghneydh">*gʰneydʰ-</ref></mentioned> (‘to rub’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>gnīdō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>gnīdaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>gnīdai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>gnīdizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>gnīdaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>gnīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>gnīdazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>gnīdaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>gnīdidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>gnīdai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>gnīdadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>gnīdadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>gnīdaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>gnīdōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>gnīdaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>gnīdadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>gnīdaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>gnīdadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>gnīdamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>gnīdaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>gnīdandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>gnīdaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>gnīdid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>gnīdaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>gnīdid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>gnīdandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>gnīdaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>gnīdandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>gnīdain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>gnīdandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>gnīdandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>gnīdaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>gnaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>gnidį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>gnaist</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>gnidīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>gnaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>gnidī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>gnidū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>gnidīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>gnidudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>gnidīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>gnidum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>gnidīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>gnidud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>gnidīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>gnidun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>gnidīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>gnīdandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>gnidanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>gnīdaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gnīdan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>gnīdan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>gniden, gnyde</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gnīdan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>gnītan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>gnīten</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gnīdan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*gnīdan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>gnīden</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>gníða</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>gnide, nithe</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>gníða</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>gníða</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>gnidha</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>gnida</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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