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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *grabaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_grabaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_ghrebh" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*gʰrebʰ-</orth>
          <def>to grab, take</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_grabana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/grabaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>grabaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɣrɑ.βɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚷᚱᚨᛒᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 6</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to dig</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>to engrave, scratch</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European *gʰróbʰ-, o-grade form of Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_ghrebh"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_ghrebh">*gʰrebʰ-</ref></mentioned> (‘to dig, scratch, bury’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>grabō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>grabaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>grabai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>grabizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>grabaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>grab</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>grabazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>grabaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>grabidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>grabai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>grabadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>grabadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>grabaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>grabōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>grabaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>grabadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>grabaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>grabadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>grabamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>grabaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>grabandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>grabaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>grabid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>grabaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>grabid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>grabandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>grabaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>grabandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>grabain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>grabandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>grabandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>grabaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>grōb</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>grōbį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>grōft</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>grōbīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>grōb</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>grōbī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>grōbū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>grōbīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>grōbudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>grōbīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>grōbum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>grōbīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>grōbud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>grōbīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>grōbun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>grōbīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>grabandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>grabanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>grabaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*graban</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Vulgar Latin</lang>
                    <orth>*grabō</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*graban</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>gravan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>grāven</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>grave</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*graban</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>gravan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>grāven</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>graven</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>graaf</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Jersey Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>xrâve</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Negerhollands</lang>
                          <orth>graav, graev</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*graban</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>grafan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>graven, grafe, grave, gravyn</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>grave</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*graban</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>grafan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>graven, grafe, grave, gravyn</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>grave</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>English</lang>
                          <orth>engrave</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*graban</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>greva</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>greeuwe</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*graban</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>graban</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>graben</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>graben</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>gruewen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>גראָבן (grobn)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*graban</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>gravan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>graven, grāven</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>graven</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                        <orth>grave</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>grafa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>grave</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                    <orth>gråvå</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>grava</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>grafa</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>grafa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>?</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>grave</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                      <orth>grave, grava</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>grafa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>grava, græva</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>grava, gräva, grafva, gräfva</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌲𐍂𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌽 (graban)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>
