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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *grabą</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_grabą</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_graba" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/grabą">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>grabą</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɣrɑ.βɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚷᚱᚨᛒᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">neuter</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>that which is dug (ditch, trench, hole, etc.)</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>grave</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Derived from the verb *grabaną (‘to dig’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>grabą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>grabō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>grabą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>grabō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>grabas, grabis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>grabǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>grabai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>grabamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>grabō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>grabamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>grabą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>grabō</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*grab</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*graf</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>graf</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>graaf</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*grab</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*graf</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>graf</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>graf</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>graf</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*grab</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>græf</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>grave, grafe</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>grave</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>grave, grawe, graive, graiwe, greawe</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*grab</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>gref</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>?</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Grääf, Grääb</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>grêf</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*grab</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>grab, grap</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>grap</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Bavarian</lang>
                        <orth>?</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Central Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>Grav, Jrav</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>East Central German</lang>
                        <orth>?</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>East Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>?</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Grab</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Rhine Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>Grab</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>גרוב (grub)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*grab</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>graf</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>grav</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Graf, Graff</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                        <orth>Graw</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>grǫf</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>grav</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                    <orth>grav</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>grøv</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>grav</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>gröf</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norn</lang>
                    <orth>gref</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>grav</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>grav</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>graf</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>grav</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                    <orth>grav</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>grøv</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>grav</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>gröf</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norn</lang>
                    <orth>gref</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>grav</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>grav</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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