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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *gramaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_gramaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_gramaz" type="adj" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/gramaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>gramaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɣrɑ.mɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚷᚱᚨᛗᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>adj</pos>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>furious</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>hostile</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *gʰróm-o-s, from *gʰrem- (‘to roar; to be angry’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>gramaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>gramō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>gramą, -at, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>gramai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>gramôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>gramō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>gramanǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>gramǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>gramą, -at, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>gramanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>gramōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>gramō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>gramas, gramis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>gramaizōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>gramas, gramis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>gramaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>gramaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>gramaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>gramammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>gramaizōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>gramammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>gramaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>gramaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>gramaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>gramanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>gramaizō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>gramanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>gramaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>gramaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>gramaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>gramô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>gramǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>gramô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>gramaniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>gramōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>gramōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>gramanų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>gramōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>gramô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>gramanunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>gramōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>gramōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>graminiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>gramōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>graminiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>gramanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>gramōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>gramanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>gramini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>gramōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>gramini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>gramammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>gramōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>gramammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>graminē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>gramōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>graminē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>gramammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>gramōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>gramammiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gram(i)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Italian</lang>
                    <orth>gramo</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Cimbrian</lang>
                      <orth>gramo</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gram(i)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*gram</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>gram</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>gram</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gram(i)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>gram</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>gram</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gram(i)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old French</lang>
                    <orth>graim</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old French</lang>
                      <orth>graigne</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Old French</lang>
                        <orth>graignier, greignier</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Old French</lang>
                          <orth>grigner</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Middle French</lang>
                            <orth>chagrigner</orth>
                            <form type="descendant">
                              <lang>French</lang>
                              <orth>chagriner</orth>
                            </form>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gram(i)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old French</lang>
                    <orth>graim</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old French</lang>
                      <orth>graigne</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Old French</lang>
                        <orth>graignier, greignier</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Old Northern French</lang>
                          <orth>chagreiner, chagraigner</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Old French</lang>
                            <orth>chagrin</orth>
                            <form type="descendant">
                              <lang>Middle French</lang>
                              <orth>chagrin</orth>
                              <form type="descendant">
                                <lang>French</lang>
                                <orth>chagrin</orth>
                                <form type="descendant">
                                  <lang>Dutch</lang>
                                  <orth>sjagrijn</orth>
                                </form>
                                <form type="descendant">
                                  <lang>English</lang>
                                  <orth>chagrin</orth>
                                </form>
                              </form>
                            </form>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gram(i)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>gremi, gram</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>gram</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>gram</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gram(i)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>gram</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>gram</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>gramr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>gram</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>grammur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>gramur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>gramse</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>gramr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>?</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>gram</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                      <orth>gram</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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