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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *grautaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_grautaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_sla-x-proto_grud_n" xml:lang="sla-x-proto" type="cognate">
          <orth>*grudьnъ</orth>
          <def>crude, lousy</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_sla-x-proto_gruda" xml:lang="sla-x-proto" type="cognate">
          <orth>*gruda</orth>
          <def>pile</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_grautaz" type="adj" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/grautaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>grautaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɣrɑu̯.tɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚷᚱᚨᚢᛏᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>adj</pos>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>coarse, crude</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>big, large</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From pre-Germanic *gʰrowd-o-s, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰrewd-, *gʰer- (‘to rub, grind, remove’). Akin to Proto-Slavic <mentioned xml:lang="sla-x-proto" target="#cog_sla-x-proto_gruda"><ref target="#cog_sla-x-proto_gruda">*gruda</ref></mentioned> (‘pile’), Proto-Slavic <mentioned xml:lang="sla-x-proto" target="#cog_sla-x-proto_grud_n"><ref target="#cog_sla-x-proto_grud_n">*grudьnъ</ref></mentioned> (‘crude, lousy’). Synchronically analyzable as a regular o-grade adjectival formation from *greutaną (‘to grind, crush’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>grautaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>grautō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>grautą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>grautai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>grautôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>grautō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>grautanǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>grautǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>grautą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>grautanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>grautōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>grautō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>grautas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>grautaizōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>grautas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>grautaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>grautaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>grautaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>grautammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>grautaizōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>grautammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>grautaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>grautaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>grautaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>grautanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>grautaizō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>grautanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>grautaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>grautaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>grautaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>grautô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>grautǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>grautô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>grautaniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>grautōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>grautōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>grautanų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>grautōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>grautô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>grautanunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>grautōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>grautōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>grautiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>grautōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>grautiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>grautanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>grautōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>grautanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>grautini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>grautōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>grautini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>grautammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>grautōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>grautammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>grautinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>grautōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>grautinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>grautammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>grautōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>grautammiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*graut</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Bourbonnais-Berrichon</lang>
                    <orth>groût</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Bourguignon</lang>
                    <orth>grô</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Medieval Latin</lang>
                    <orth>grossus</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*graut</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>grōt</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>grôot, groet</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>groeat</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Zealandic</lang>
                        <orth>groôt</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*graut</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>grōt</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>grôot, groet</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>groot</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>groot</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Berbice Creole Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>groto</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Jersey Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>x'rôt</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Petjo</lang>
                          <orth>groot</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Skepi Creole Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>groat</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*graut</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>grōt</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>grôot, groet</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>groot</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Negerhollands</lang>
                          <orth>groot, grooto, guṅgu, gro</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Virgin Islands Creole</lang>
                            <orth>gungu</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*graut</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>grēat</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>grete, greet, girt, gert</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>great, greet, grete, greit, graat</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yola</lang>
                        <orth>graat</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*graut</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>grēat</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>grete, greet, girt, gert</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>great, gert, girt, gurt</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Welsh</lang>
                          <orth>grêt</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*graut</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>grāt</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>groot</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>grut</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*graut</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>grāt</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>?</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Föhr-Amrum</lang>
                        <orth>grat</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Mooring</lang>
                        <orth>grut</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Sylt</lang>
                        <orth>gurt</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*graut</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>grōȥ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>grōȥ</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Alemannic German</lang>
                        <orth>groß, gruuss</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Bavarian</lang>
                        <orth>groas, grous</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Central Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>jruß, gruß</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>groß</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Rhine Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>gruß</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Vilamovian</lang>
                        <orth>gros</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>גרויס (groys)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*graut</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>grōt</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>grôt</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>groot</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>German Low German</lang>
                          <orth>groot; graut (Münsterländisch)</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
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