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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *grimmaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_grimmaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_grimmaz" type="adj" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/grimmaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>grimmaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɣrim.mɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚷᚱᛁᛗᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>adj</pos>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>grim, grimly, fierce</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *gʰrem-nó-s or *gʰrem-wó-s, from *gʰrem-.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>grimmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>grimmō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>grimmą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>grimmai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>grimmôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>grimmō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>grimmanǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>grimmǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>grimmą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>grimmanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>grimmōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>grimmō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>grimmas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>grimmaizōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>grimmas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>grimmaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>grimmaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>grimmaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>grimmammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>grimmaizōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>grimmammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>grimmaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>grimmaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>grimmaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>grimmanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>grimmaizō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>grimmanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>grimmaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>grimmaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>grimmaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>grimmô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>grimmǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>grimmô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>grimmaniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>grimmōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>grimmōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>grimmanų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>grimmōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>grimmô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>grimmanunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>grimmōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>grimmōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>grimminiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>grimmōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>grimminiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>grimmanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>grimmōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>grimmanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>grimmini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>grimmōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>grimmini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>grimmammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>grimmōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>grimmammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>grimminē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>grimmōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>grimminē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>grimmammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>grimmōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>grimmammiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*grimm</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>grim</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>grim</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>grim</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*grimm</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>grimm, grim</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>grim</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>grim</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>grim</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*grimm</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>grimm, grim</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>grimm</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>grym</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*grimm</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>grim</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>grim, grimme</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>grimm</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*grimm</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>grim</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>grim</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>grimm</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>grimmr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                    <orth>grymm</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>grimmur, grimur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>greimuar, greimugur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>grimmur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norn</lang>
                    <orth>grimm</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>grim</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>grimmr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>grim</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>grim</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>grimmr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>grimber, grumber, grymber</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>grym</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>*𐌲𐍂𐌹𐌼𐌼𐍃 (*grimms)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Galician</lang>
                    <orth>grima</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Portuguese</lang>
                    <orth>grima</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Spanish</lang>
                    <orth>grima</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
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  </text>
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