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      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *grindaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_grindaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_gwhrendh" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*gʷʰrendʰ-</orth>
          <def>to crush; gnash</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_frendo" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>frendō</orth>
          <def>to grind; gnash</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lit_gresti" xml:lang="lit" type="cognate">
          <orth>grę́sti</orth>
          <def>to plane, scour</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_grindana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/grindaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>grindaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɣrin.dɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚷᚱᛁᚾᛞᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 3</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to grind</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_gwhrendh"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_gwhrendh">*gʷʰrendʰ-</ref></mentioned> (‘to crush; gnash’). Cognate with Latin <mentioned xml:lang="lat" target="#cog_lat_frendo"><ref target="#cog_lat_frendo">frendō</ref></mentioned> (‘to grind; gnash’), Lithuanian <mentioned xml:lang="lit" target="#cog_lit_gresti"><ref target="#cog_lit_gresti">grę́sti</ref></mentioned> (‘to plane, scour’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>grindō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>grindaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>grindai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>grindizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>grindaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>grind</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>grindazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>grindaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>grindidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>grindai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>grindadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>grindadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>grindaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>grindōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>grindaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>grindadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>grindaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>grindadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>grindamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>grindaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>grindandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>grindaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>grindid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>grindaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>grindid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>grindandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>grindaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>grindandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>grindain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>grindandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>grindandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>grindaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>grand</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>grundį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>granst</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>grundīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>grand</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>grundī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>grundū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>grundīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>grundudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>grundīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>grundum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>grundīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>grundud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>grundīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>grundun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>grundīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>grindandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>grundanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>grindaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*grindan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*grindan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>grinden, grenden</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>grinden</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*grindan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>grindan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>grynden, grinden, grenden</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>grind</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>grynde, grynd, grind</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yola</lang>
                        <orth>grieend, griende</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*grindan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*grinda</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>gríende, griene</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*grindan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*grindan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>grinden</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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